_ Flashcards
What is the recommended age to start yearly mammograms for women with a family history of breast cancer?
40 years old
Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms.
What diagnostic test is done to determine if a lump is a cyst or solid?
Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
FNA is performed to see if a lump is a cyst or if it is solid.
What is the purpose of lymphatic mapping in breast cancer diagnosis?
To identify the sentinel node for potential malignancy
This involves injecting a radioactive isotope into the tumor site to track lymphatic drainage.
What percentage of breast cancers are diagnosed in women over 50 years of age?
80%
The majority of breast cancer cases occur in women older than 50.
What are some primary prevention measures for breast cancer?
- Weight control
- Regular exercise
- Breastfeeding
- Prophylactic mastectomy for high-risk individuals
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes known for?
They are tumor suppressor genes linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
Mutations in these genes can lead to an increased risk of certain cancers.
What is the most common location for breast cancer masses?
Upper Outer Quadrant
This is where most breast cancer masses are typically found.
What is the significance of estrogen and progestin receptor testing in breast cancer?
It determines if the tumor is hormone-dependent
Tumors that respond to hormone manipulation therapy may indicate a better prognosis.
What is the TNM classification system used for?
Staging breast cancer
It evaluates tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastasis.
What is the typical post-operative care for a patient who has undergone a modified radical mastectomy?
- Elevate affected extremity
- Pain management
- Monitor for complications
- Promote mobility
True or False: Monthly breast self-exams are no longer recommended for women starting at age 20.
True
Research has shown little benefit in survival rates from monthly breast self-exams.
Fill in the blank: The second major cause of cancer deaths in women is _______.
breast cancer
What is involved in a modified radical mastectomy?
Removal of breast and axillary lymph nodes with preservation of the pectoralis muscle
This procedure may include breast reconstruction options.
What are common symptoms to assess for breast cancer?
- Non-tender mass
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Skin dimpling
- Nipple discharge
What is the purpose of chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment?
To target and kill cancer cells
Chemotherapy is individualized based on the patient’s specific cancer characteristics.
What lifestyle factors can help reduce the risk of breast cancer?
- Regular physical activity
- Healthy diet
- Limiting alcohol intake
What should patients avoid post-mastectomy to prevent complications?
- Heavy lifting
- Blood pressure readings on the affected arm
- Vigorous movements against resistance
What is the significance of sentinel node removal during breast cancer surgery?
It helps determine the extent of cancer spread
The sentinel node is the first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to.
What are the types of breast cancer listed?
- Carcinoma in situ
- Lobular carcinoma in situ
- Ductal carcinoma in situ
- Invasive breast cancer
- Inflammatory breast cancer
What does Stage O indicate in cancer staging?
In situ
This stage refers to cancer that is localized and has not invaded surrounding tissues.
What is the diameter of a tumor classified as Stage I?
Less than 2 cm
This stage indicates an early form of cancer with a small tumor size.
What characterizes Stage II in cancer staging?
Tumor is over 2 cm and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes
This indicates a more advanced stage with lymph node involvement.
In Stage III A, how large is the tumor and what is its relation to lymph nodes?
Larger than 5 cm with lymph nodes that adhere to one another or the skin
This indicates significant local progression of the disease.
What does Stage III B indicate about tumor spread?
Tumor has spread to the skin of the breast or chest wall
This stage represents further local advancement of cancer.
