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:) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the movement of GH joint at the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion
Extension

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2
Q

What is the movement of GH joint at frontal plane?

A

Abduction
Adduction

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3
Q

What is the movement of Elbow joint at transverse plane?

A

Supination
Pronation

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4
Q

What is 1st class lever of Newton’s Law?

A

Load and force are opposite sides of the fulcrum

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5
Q

What is the 2nd Class Lever of Newton’s Law?

A

The load is between the fulcrum and the force

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6
Q

What is the 3rd Class Lever of Newton’s Law?

A

The force is between the fulcrum and the load

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7
Q

What is the formula of Torque?

A

Magnitude of the force generated x Length of shortest distance between the point and line of action
(Nm)

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8
Q

The physiologic range of the Stress-Strain Relationship Graph is called _____________ region.

A

Elastic

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9
Q

The region after the yield point is called?

A

Plastic region

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10
Q

What is the composition of Cortical bone?

A

5-30% of bone volume is occupied by non-mineralized tissue which has a higher mineral content and more stiff

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11
Q

What is the characteristic of Trabecular bone?

A

High porosity
Spongy
Cancellous

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12
Q

What is the direction of bone growth?

A

Longitudinal
Circumferential

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13
Q

According to the viscoelasticity, bone respond more _______________ at a higher speed of loading

A

stiffness

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14
Q

According to the viscoelasticity, bone is easier to fracture at _________ speed

A

low

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15
Q

What is the type of force of compression?

A

Press ends of bones together to cause widening and shortening

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16
Q

What is the stress/strain of compression?

A

Maximal stress on the plane is perpendicular to the applied bone

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17
Q

What is the type of force of tension?

A

Pull ends of bone to cause narrowing and lengthening

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18
Q

What is the stress/strain of tension?

A

Maximal stress on the plane is perpendicular to the applied bone.

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19
Q

What is the type of force of shear?

A

Force applied parallel to the surface causing internal deformation in angular direction

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20
Q

What is the stress/strain on shear?

A

Maximal stress on the plane parallel to the applied bone

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21
Q

What is bone modeling? Provide an example.

A

Formation of new bone by which mature bone growths
Example: Bone growth of adolescents

22
Q

What is bone remodeling? Provide an example

A

Continuous changing of bone shape and strength due to mechanical loading.
Resorption of damaged older bone and forming new osterocytes
Example: Elderly developing severe kyphosis

23
Q

What is bone hypertrophy?

A

Increased mechanical stress
Formation of bony outgrowths or spurs around the joint margins

24
Q

What is bone atrophy?

A

Osteoporosis
Reduced stress
Decreased Calcium
Bone demineralisation
Decreased bone density

25
Q

What is open-packed position?

A

Joint surfaces are not complete contact with each other

26
Q

What is closed-packed position?

A

Joint surface are completely contact with each other, no movement is possible
Joint is under maximal stress

27
Q

Open Kinetic Chain is the proximal segment __________ while the distal segment __________

A

Fixed
Free

28
Q

Name the four type sensory receptors

A

Ruffini
Pacini
Golgi like
Free nerve endings

29
Q

What is the function of ruffini?

A
  1. Static joint position
  2. Static joint acceleration sense
  3. Sensitive to tensile force
30
Q

What is the function of Pacini?

A
  1. Joint acceleration sense
  2. Sensitive to compression force
31
Q

What is the function of Golgi like?

A
  1. Active at extremes of joint ranges
  2. Sensitive to tissue deformation
  3. Creep
32
Q

What is the function of free nerve endings?

A

Detect present of noxious chemicals, mechanical and inflammatory stimuli

33
Q

Name three types of peri-articular tissues

A
  1. Dense connective tissue
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
34
Q

What is the composition of Dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Type 1 collagen fibre
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Proteoglycan (low-moderate)
35
Q

What is the function of Dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Resist tension
  2. Connect up different joint surfaces
  3. Protect and bind the joints (stability)
  4. Tendons - transfer forces between muscles and bones
36
Q

What is the composition of Articular cartilage?

A

Type 2 Collagen fibre (15-22%)
Chondrocytes
Proteoglycan (4-7%)
Water, inorganic salts and proteins (60-85%)

37
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A
  1. Distribute and absorb joint force
  2. Reduce joint friction
  3. Lubrication
  4. Shock absorption
38
Q

what is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Form new cells in cartilage
Chondroblasts -> Chondrocytes

39
Q

what is the function of osteocytes?

A

from new cells in bone
Osteoblasts -> osteocytes

40
Q

what is the function of fibrocytes?

A

Form new fibrous tissues
Fibroblasts -> Fibrocytes -> Collagen

41
Q

What is Agonist?

A

Prime mover of an anatomical movement

42
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

Muscle that produces the opposite of motion to the agonist

43
Q

please give examples of agonist and antagonist

A

Quadriceps VS hamstrings
Biceps VS triceps

44
Q

please give an example of Co-contraction

A

Quad. and Hamstring
stablize knee joint

45
Q

please keep an example of synergistic action

A

Wrist flexion: FCU FCR
Wrist Extension : ECU ECR

46
Q

What is the meaning of isometric exercise?

A

Constant length and variable resistance

47
Q

what is the meaning of isotonic exercise?

A

Constant resistance and variable speed
Example: Lifting a dumbbell

48
Q

what is the meaning of isokinetic exercise?

A

Constant speed, and variable resistance

49
Q

what are the compositions of tendons?

A

Tenocytes
Collagen
Extracellular matrix
Elastin

50
Q

what are the arrangement of tendons and ligaments respectively?

A

Tendons: parallel bundles
Ligaments: Nearly Parallel

51
Q

what are the composition of ligaments?

A

Fibroblasts
Extracellular matrix
Larger proportion of elastin
Fibres aligned to direction of function

Movement Science (2 decks)

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