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Question 1

What is the movement of GH joint at the sagittal plane?

Answer 1

Flexion
Extension

Question 2

What is the movement of GH joint at frontal plane?

Answer 2

Abduction
Adduction

Question 3

What is the movement of Elbow joint at transverse plane?

Answer 3

Supination
Pronation

Question 4

What is 1st class lever of Newton’s Law?

Answer 4

Load and force are opposite sides of the fulcrum

Question 5

What is the 2nd Class Lever of Newton’s Law?

Answer 5

The load is between the fulcrum and the force

Question 6

What is the 3rd Class Lever of Newton’s Law?

Answer 6

The force is between the fulcrum and the load

Question 7

What is the formula of Torque?

Answer 7

Magnitude of the force generated x Length of shortest distance between the point and line of action
(Nm)

Question 8

The physiologic range of the Stress-Strain Relationship Graph is called _____________ region.

Answer 8

Elastic

Question 9

The region after the yield point is called?

Answer 9

Plastic region

Question 10

What is the composition of Cortical bone?

Answer 10

5-30% of bone volume is occupied by non-mineralized tissue which has a higher mineral content and more stiff

Question 11

What is the characteristic of Trabecular bone?

Answer 11

High porosity
Spongy
Cancellous

Question 12

What is the direction of bone growth?

Answer 12

Longitudinal
Circumferential

Question 13

According to the viscoelasticity, bone respond more _______________ at a higher speed of loading

Answer 13

stiffness

Question 14

According to the viscoelasticity, bone is easier to fracture at _________ speed

Answer 14

low

Question 15

What is the type of force of compression?

Answer 15

Press ends of bones together to cause widening and shortening

Question 16

What is the stress/strain of compression?

Answer 16

Maximal stress on the plane is perpendicular to the applied bone

Question 17

What is the type of force of tension?

Answer 17

Pull ends of bone to cause narrowing and lengthening

Question 18

What is the stress/strain of tension?

Answer 18

Maximal stress on the plane is perpendicular to the applied bone.

Question 19

What is the type of force of shear?

Answer 19

Force applied parallel to the surface causing internal deformation in angular direction

Question 20

What is the stress/strain on shear?

Answer 20

Maximal stress on the plane parallel to the applied bone

Question 21

What is bone modeling? Provide an example.

Answer 21

Formation of new bone by which mature bone growths
Example: Bone growth of adolescents

Question 22

What is bone remodeling? Provide an example

Answer 22

Continuous changing of bone shape and strength due to mechanical loading.
Resorption of damaged older bone and forming new osterocytes
Example: Elderly developing severe kyphosis

Question 23

What is bone hypertrophy?

Answer 23

Increased mechanical stress
Formation of bony outgrowths or spurs around the joint margins

Question 24

What is bone atrophy?

Answer 24

Osteoporosis
Reduced stress
Decreased Calcium
Bone demineralisation
Decreased bone density

Question 25

What is open-packed position?

Answer 25

Joint surfaces are not complete contact with each other

Question 26

What is closed-packed position?

Answer 26

Joint surface are completely contact with each other, no movement is possible Joint is under maximal stress

Question 27

Open Kinetic Chain is the proximal segment __________ while the distal segment __________

Answer 27

Fixed Free

Question 28

Name the four type sensory receptors

Answer 28

Ruffini Pacini Golgi like Free nerve endings

Question 29

What is the function of ruffini?

Answer 29

1. Static joint position 2. Static joint acceleration sense 3. Sensitive to tensile force

Question 30

What is the function of Pacini?

Answer 30

1. Joint acceleration sense 2. Sensitive to compression force

Question 31

What is the function of Golgi like?

Answer 31

1. Active at extremes of joint ranges 2. Sensitive to tissue deformation 3. Creep

Question 32

What is the function of free nerve endings?

Answer 32

Detect present of noxious chemicals, mechanical and inflammatory stimuli

Question 33

Name three types of peri-articular tissues

Answer 33

1. Dense connective tissue 2. Articular cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage

Question 34

What is the composition of Dense connective tissue?

Answer 34

1. Type 1 collagen fibre 2. Fibroblasts 3. Proteoglycan (low-moderate)

Question 35

What is the function of Dense connective tissue?

Answer 35

1. Resist tension 2. Connect up different joint surfaces 3. Protect and bind the joints (stability) 4. Tendons - transfer forces between muscles and bones

Question 36

What is the composition of Articular cartilage?

Answer 36

Type 2 Collagen fibre (15-22%) Chondrocytes Proteoglycan (4-7%) Water, inorganic salts and proteins (60-85%)

Question 37

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 37

1. Distribute and absorb joint force 2. Reduce joint friction 3. Lubrication 4. Shock absorption

Question 38

what is the function of chondrocytes?

Answer 38

Form new cells in cartilage Chondroblasts -> Chondrocytes

Question 39

what is the function of osteocytes?

Answer 39

from new cells in bone Osteoblasts -> osteocytes

Question 40

what is the function of fibrocytes?

Answer 40

Form new fibrous tissues Fibroblasts -> Fibrocytes -> Collagen

Question 41

What is Agonist?

Answer 41

Prime mover of an anatomical movement

Question 42

What is the antagonist?

Answer 42

Muscle that produces the opposite of motion to the agonist

Question 43

please give examples of agonist and antagonist

Answer 43

Quadriceps VS hamstrings Biceps VS triceps

Question 44

please give an example of Co-contraction

Answer 44

Quad. and Hamstring stablize knee joint

Question 45

please keep an example of synergistic action

Answer 45

Wrist flexion: FCU FCR Wrist Extension : ECU ECR

Question 46

What is the meaning of isometric exercise?

Answer 46

Constant length and variable resistance

Question 47

what is the meaning of isotonic exercise?

Answer 47

Constant resistance and variable speed Example: Lifting a dumbbell

Question 48

what is the meaning of isokinetic exercise?

Answer 48

Constant speed, and variable resistance

Question 49

what are the compositions of tendons?

Answer 49

Tenocytes Collagen Extracellular matrix Elastin

Question 50

what are the arrangement of tendons and ligaments respectively?

Answer 50

Tendons: parallel bundles Ligaments: Nearly Parallel

Question 51

what are the composition of ligaments?

Answer 51

Fibroblasts Extracellular matrix Larger proportion of elastin Fibres aligned to direction of function