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Science 9 GTHS > 9A: Biological Diversity > Flashcards

9A: Biological Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any place on Earth where living things interact with other living and non-living things is known as a __________.

A

Ecosystem.

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2
Q

What are some different types of ecosystems?

A
  • Schoolyard
  • Puddle
  • Rotting Log
  • Arctic Tudra
  • Rainforest
  • Ocean
  • Desert
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3
Q

What is the difference between the terms biotic and abiotic?

A

Biotic means living.

Abiotic means nonliving.

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4
Q

What is biotic? Provide an example.

A

Biotic means living, an example of biotic would be a clownfish because it’s made up of cells and it’s hilarious.

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5
Q

Why is a rock considered abiotic?

A

A rock is not considered living because it is not made up of cells. It also does not need to meet the same basic needs as a living organism.

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6
Q

Biological Diversity refers to what exactly?

A

The wide variety of types/traits of organisms found throughout different ecosystems. These organisms may be different in terms of species, or even may carry small differences amongst the same species/population. (between or within a species)

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7
Q

How can you tell if something is part of a species?

A

Living things that are part of the same species are able to reproduce and have young that are able to reproduce.

  • Their young also look very similar to their parents.
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8
Q

What is a population?

A

A population refers to a number of the same species living together in the same area.

  • For example all of the ants in a single ant hill form a population because they live in the same area and are the same species.
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9
Q

What is a community? How is it different from an ecosystem?

A

A community refers to all of the populations and species that live together and interact with other living things.

-It is different from an ecosystem because it doesn’t include the interaction of non-living things.

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10
Q

Complete the following blanks in relation to the classification of living things.

  1. K _______
  2. P _______
  3. S _______
  4. C _______
  5. O _______
  6. F _______
  7. G _______
  8. S _______
A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phyla
  3. Subphyla
  4. Classes
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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11
Q

What does the term interdependence refer to?

A

Different organisms(plants/animals), rely on eachother in order to survive. They may rely both on members of the same species, or members of other species.

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12
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

When different living things live close together and interact with one another. It is often a relationship where one organism or more will benefit.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main types of symbiotic relationships?

A
  1. Commensalism
  2. Parasitism
  3. Mutualism
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14
Q

What is commensalism? Can you provide an example?

A

The relationship where one species benefits and the other species neither benifits nor harmed.

+/n

Examples:

  • Orchid: live on a tree to recieve ample sunlight and nutrients while the tree remains unaffected.
  • Pilot fish/remora: Latch on to larger fish/sharks for transportation and protection from predators.
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15
Q

What is mutualism? Provide at least one example.

A

A mutual relationship is when both organisms benefit off of each other.

+/+

Examples:

  • Snapping shrimp builds a burrow and allows the goby fish to share the burrow. The shrimp is almost blind so it always feels the goby fish and the goby fish warns the shrimp of danger.
  • Clownfish live in the anemones/coral receiving protection/shelter while the clownfish clean up the anemones while they swim around. (Finding Nemo)
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16
Q

What is parasitism? Provide an example.

A

Parasitism is when one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed.

+/-

Example:

  • Mosquito sucking the blood of a human and leaving an itchy lump.
  • A tick biting a dog and planting its eggs inside.
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17
Q

Define: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

A

Commensalism- When one organism benefits and one remains unaffected.

Mutualism- Is when two organisms benifit off each other.

Parasitism- When one benefits and the other is negatively affected.

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18
Q

What type of symbiotic relationship would humans and trees be an example of. Why?

A

It would be an example of mutual because both living organisms benefit. Humans give off C02 that the plants use for photosynthesis. In response Oxygen is given off by plants which is neccesary for human life.

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19
Q

Barnacles will attach to whales or mollusk shells in order to travel where food is available. The larger organism remains unaffected. What type of symbiotic relationship is present?

A

Commensalism

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20
Q

What is the difference between INTERspecies competition, and INTRAspecies competition?

A

INTERspecies competition, is a form of competition in which individuals of DIFFERENT species compete for the same resources within an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space).

INTRAspecies competition is between individuals of the same species is called intraspecific competition.

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21
Q

What is a niche?

A

A niche refers to an organisms role in an ecosystem.

For example: carnivore, predator, scavenger, pollinator, etc.

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22
Q

Explain resource partitioning, support your understanding by providing a real world example.

A

Resource partitioning refers to sharing of resources(usually limited) by species that share a similar niche, in order to avoid competition between those species.

ex) 5 species of warblers feed on the same type of worm. However, they avoid competition by feeding on the worm in different areas of the tree.
ex) Anole lizards share a common diet(insects). They avoid competition by occupying different physical locations

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23
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

An invasive species is an organism that is not native to a specific location. When it is introduced it has a tendency to adapt quickly, increase in population, spread disease, and damage an existing ecosystem.

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24
Q

What is bioinvasion?

A

The rapid expansion of a species into regions where it had not previously existed, often as a result of human agency and error.

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25
Q

What is an example of bioinvasion in Canada?

A
  1. Zebra mussels were first noticed in the Great Lakes in 1988. They were introuduced by people failing to clean their boats. By 1994, there were as many as 50 000 mussels/m2 in some rivers near the Great Lakes.
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26
Q

What is scientifically meant by the term competition?

A

All living things compete with each other for resources like food, water, and space to live. Because there is only so much of each resource, all living things are always trying to get enough of these resources to meet their needs.

Competition can be within one species, between different species, or even other populations.

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27
Q

The interactions of predators and their prey can affect an ecosystem. What will cause the population of the prey to decrease?

A

If there are too many predators.

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28
Q

What is a potential consequence of an ecosystem having too few predators? How would this influence the competition between each species?

A

If there are too few predators, then the prey population may increase.

This would decrease the competition for food by the predators and it would transversly increase the competition for food among prey species, so that one or more will either die out or move to a new location.

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29
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce. In doing so, they pass on these traits to the next generation. Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to their environment.

ex) Some giraffes have long necks and others have short ones. If something caused low-lying shrubs to die out, the giraffes with short necks would not get enough food. After a few generations, all the giraffes would have long necks.

30
Q

What is the difference between heritable and non-heritable characteristics?

A

Heritable characteristics are passed on from generation to generation. ex) eye colour, hair type, and skin colour.

Non-heritable characteristics are acquired. That is, they are
not passed on to other generations. ex) the ability to play the piano is not passed down to offspring.

31
Q

What is discrete variation? Provide some examples.

A

Discrete variation refers to differences in characteristics that have a defined form. You can think of discrete variation as being the “eitherlor” form of a characteristic.

For example, a cat either has blue eyes or does not have blue eyes. A mouse is either an albino or it is not an albino. Your earlobes are either attached or they are not.

32
Q

What is continuous variation? Provide some examples.

A

Continuous variation refers to differences in characteristics
that have a range of forms. They are not one form or another.

For example, the height of adult humans can range from 1.2 m to 2.1 m. In squirrels, mass can range anywhere between 133 g and 249 g.

33
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. All the offspring that result from asexual reproduction are identical to that parent.

34
Q

What are 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Binary Fission
  • Budding
  • Spore Production
  • Vegetative Reproduction
35
Q

What is binary fission and what types of organisms reproduce using this method?

A

During binary fission, a cell splits exactly in two, producing two identical individuals.

Only one-celled organisms, such as bacteria, and some protists, such as amoebas and some algae, reproduce by binary fission.

36
Q

What is budding and what type of organisms reproduce this way?

A

During budding, the parent produces a small bud, or a smaller version of itself.

Organisms such as hydra and yeast reproduce asexually by budding.

37
Q

How does spore production work and what types of organisms reproduce this way?

A

Spores are similar to seeds, but are produced by the division of cells of the parent, (not by the union of two cells). One individual will produce many spores, and each spore can develop into a new individual identical to the parent.

Many fungi, green algae, some moulds, and non-flowering plants such as ferns reproduce by producing spores.

38
Q

What is vegetative reproduction and what types of organisms reproduce this way?

A

Vegetative reproduction is the reproduction
of a plant that does not involve the formation of a seed.

ex) Many plants, such as strawberries or spider
plants, grow runners that produce new plants along them.

39
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction in plants or animals relies on the union of two
specialized cells known as gametes.

40
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A gamete is a cell that has one role only, which is to join with another gamete during reproduction.

41
Q

What are the male and female sex cells called in animals?

A

male: sperm cell
female: egg cell

42
Q

The union of the sperm cell with the egg cell is known as ____________.

A

Fertilization.

43
Q

The cell created by the
joining of the two gametes is known as a _________.

A

Zygote.

44
Q

The division of cells occurs in a process known as ________.

A

Cleavage.

45
Q

Where can one find the male/female gametes in a plant?

A

Male: pollen contains the male gamete and is found in the stamen.

Female: ovules contain the female gamete and is found in the pistil.

46
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilzation in respect to plant cells?

A

Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther of the
stamen to the stigma of the pistil.

Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes unite.

47
Q

What is the difference between cross pollination and cross fertilization?

A

Cross-pollination occurs when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another by wind, water, or animals, such as bees or butterflies.

Cross-fertilization occurs when a grain of this pollen produces a long tube that eventually grows down the style into the ovary
that contains the ovules.

48
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantages of asexual reproduction does not require any specialized cells or a way of bringing gametes together. As a result, asexual reproduction can produce lots of individuals very quickly.

The main disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that if conditions become unfavourable, the entire population may be wiped out.

49
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction has the advantage of providing lots of variation, which helps species survive environmental change. The main disadvantage of sexual reproduction is that it takes a lot of energy. Because of this great demand, sexually reproducing organisms can only produce a limited number of offspring.

50
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molecule found in a cells’ nuclei is responsible for storing such information and passing it on. This molecule, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short, is the inherited material responsible for variation.

51
Q

What is a chromosome? How are do they make up an organism?

A

A chromosome is an entire chain of DNA.

For humans, a complete set has 46 chromosomes. For dogs, however, a complete set has 78 chromosomes, and for cats, the number is 38. In most familiar organisms, the chromosomes are organized into pairs. So the body cells of a human contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

52
Q

What is a gene and where are they found?

A

A single gene is an uninterrupted segment of DNA, which contains codad instructions. Genes are located on the chromosomes.

53
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele.

ex) all the possible traits/types of hair colour.

54
Q

What is mitosis?

A

In multicellular organisms, such as humans, petunias, and gophers,
the process that produces two new cells with the same number of
chromosomes is called mitosis.

55
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces cells with only
half the DNA of a normal cell. Because each gamete has only half the DNA of a normal cell, when the male and female gametes unite, the zygote has a complete set of DNA.

56
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces two offspring cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis produces four sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

(Mitosis produces identical offsring, whereas meiosis produces gametes/sexcells)

57
Q

An individual produced by crossing two purebred parents that differ in a trait such as coat colour is known as a ________.

A

Hybrid.

58
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive trait?

A

A dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent. For a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent.

59
Q
A
60
Q

What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?

A

An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment.

61
Q

What is incomplete dominance? Provide an example.

A

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles.

ex) Red and white flowers produce a pink flower only.

62
Q

What is the difference between extinction and extirpation?

A

Extinction is the disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planet.

Extirpation is a local extinction, or the disappearance of a species
from a particular area.

63
Q

What is overspecialization? Provide an example of it.

A

Sometimes organisms have adaptations that suit them to only a narrow set of environmental conditions.

ex) The giant panda only eats bamboo, and it cannot switch to other sources of food. Bamboo forests sometimes die off or are cut down, reducing the pandas’ food supply. So although habitat destruction affects the survival of the species, the pandas’ overspecialization makes them even more vulnerable to extinction.

64
Q

What are some human causes of extinction/etirpation?

A
  • Habitat destruction
  • Introduction of non-native species
  • Overhunting
65
Q

Artificial reproductive technology refers to any artificial method of
joining a male and female gamete. What are some methods of artificial reproduction?

A
  • Biotechnology
  • Cloning
  • Artificial insemination
  • In vitro fertilization
  • Genetic engineering
66
Q

What is meant by the term artificial selection?

A

Artificial selection is the process of selecting and breeding
individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have these desired traits. Recall that in natural selection the environment “selects” traits. In artificial selection, humans select traits.

67
Q

In this technology, sperm from a prize bull and eggs fiom a prize cow are harvested from the animals. In a laboratory, the eggs and sperm are placed in a Petri dish, and the eggs are fertilized. This produces many more embryos than could be produced naturally. Each embryo is implanted into a different cow. These cows will eventually give birth to many calves, all of which will be brothers and sisters.

A

In vitro fertilization

68
Q

When sperm are harvested from a bull with desired
characteristics and are inserted into many female cows this is known as ____________.

A

Artificial insemination

69
Q

What is the main difference between artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization?

A

In vitro fertilization occurs in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body. While artificial insemination occurs inside of the body.

70
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering refers to any technology that directly alters the DNA of an organism.

71
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

In-situ conservation refers to the maintenance of populations of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems. It allows the ecological processes of an area to continue undisturbed.

ex) national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biospheres, reserves, etc.

72
Q

What is ex-situ conservation>

A

Ex-situ conservation refers to the conservation of components of
biological diversity outside of a natural habitat.

ex) zoo, aquarium and botanical garden.

Science 9 GTHS (5 decks)

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