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Y1 - Pathology > 9_Neoplasia > Flashcards

9_Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

neoplastic cells:

define, regulation

A
  • def: Transformed cells as they continue to replicate
  • regulation
    • Certain degree of autonomy
    • Oblivious to regulatory influences that control normal growth
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2
Q

neoplasm/neoplasia:

define, growth, regulation

A
  • define: an abnormal mass of tissue,
  • growth of which is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues,
  • regulation:
    • persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change
    • with the loss of responsiveness to normal growth controls
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3
Q

tumor:

other name; & benign vs malignant

A
  • commonly used to refer to neoplasms
  • types based on clinical behavior:
    • Benign: Relatively innocent,
      • implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal
    • Malignant: “Cancers”,
      • implies that the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites
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4
Q

basic components of tumor:

define parenchyma and stroma

A
  • Parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells
  • Stroma: supportive tissue composed of connective tissue and blood vessels

(These 2 interact)

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5
Q

desmoplasia:

define

A

a¡dense collagenous stromal reaction to invasive tumor

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6
Q

nomenclature of benign tumors:

suffix, mesenchymal, and epithelial

A
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7
Q

describe the presentation of the following benign tumors:

adenoma

papilloma

cystadenoma

A
  • adenoma - glandular pattern (shows glands histologically)
  • papilloma - finger-like or warty surface projections
  • cystadenoma - tumors forming large cystic masses
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8
Q

define:

hyperchromasia

dysplasia

A
  • hyperchromasia: dark staining nuclei which is usually due to increased DNA content.
  • dysplasia: abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs
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9
Q

polyp:

histology; term is assoc. w/ which tumors?

A
  • Macroscopically visible projection above the mucosal surface
  • Preferably restricted to benign tumors; malignant ones better designated as polypoid carcinomas
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10
Q

nomenclature of malignant tumors

origin, mesenchymal, epithelial

A
  • Organ of origin is usually specified
  • Undifferentiated
  • Mesenchymal: sarcomas
  • Epithelial cell origin: carcinomas
    • Adenocarcinoma (glandular pattern)
    • Squamous carcinoma (Squamous cells)
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11
Q

mixed tumors:

define

A

derived from divergent differentiation of a single line of parenchymal cells from a single germ cell layer

  • Pleomorphic adenoma
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12
Q

teratomas:

define

A

composed of cell types from multiple germ cell layers

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13
Q

name the benign and malignant names for the following:

A
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14
Q

what are the benign and malignant names for the following?

A
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15
Q

match the benign and malignant name for the following tissues of origin

A
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16
Q

non-neoplastic masses are sometimes confused w/ neoplasms:

what are the following?

  1. ectopic rest of normal tissue
  2. mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to the particular site
  3. localized collection of blood in tissues or a body
A
  1. Choristoma: ectopic rest of normal tissue
  2. Hamartoma: mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to the particular site
  3. Hematoma: localized collection of blood in tissues or a body
17
Q

what are the 4 fundamental features by which benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished?

A
  1. differentiation and anaplasia
  2. rate of growth
  3. local invasion
  4. metastasis
18
Q

differentiation:

  • define,*
  • benign vs. malignant*
A

—extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, morphologically and functionally

  • Benign tumors are usually well differentiated
  • Malignant tumors range from well to undifferentiated
19
Q

which type of tumor cells are typically WELL-DIFFERENTIATED?

A

benign cells are usually well differentiated

(meaning they well-differentiated cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cancer cells)

20
Q

anaplasia:

  • define*
  • morphological changes*
A
  • the lack of differentiation; hallmark of malignancy
    • malignant tumors are typically UNDIFFERENTIATED
  • morphologic changes
    • (Pleomorphism) variation in cell size and shape
    • Atypical, bizarre mitotic figures
    • Loss of polarity
    • Nuclear changes
      • Hyperchromasia
      • Increased nuclear/cytopasmic ratio
      • Variable nuclear shape
      • Coarse, clumped or unevenly distribute chromatin
      • Large/ multiple nucleoli
21
Q

dysplasia:

where does this occur, characterized by?

A
  • encountered principally in epithelium
  • considered PRE-MALIGNANT
  • characteristics:
    • loss in uniformity of individual cells
    • loss in architectural orientation
22
Q

Carcinoma in-situ:

define, and progression?

A
  • dysplasia in which the changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium (pre-invasive)
  • does not necessarily progress to invasive cancer
23
Q

rate of growth:

benign tumors

A
  • Nearly all grow as cohesive expansile masses that remain localized to their site of origin
    • Lack capacity to infiltrate, invade or metastasize
  • Usually develop a fibrous capsule
    • Remain discrete, readily palpable and easily moveable
  • Enucleated surgically
24
Q

rate of growth:

malignant tumors

A
  • Growth is accompanied by progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues
  • Lack a well-defined boundary
  • Invasion is reliable in distinguishing benign from malignant
25
Q

local invasion:

define,

characteristics

A
  • A benign neoplasm remains localized at its site of origin
  • Cancers grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction and penetration of surrounding tissue.
26
Q

metastasis:

define, progression

A
  • Secondary implants of tumor discontinuous with the primary tumor
    • Unequivocal sign of malignancy
  • With few exceptions, all cancers can metastasize
    • Strongly reduces chance for cure
27
Q

metastasis:

3 different pathways

A
  • Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces
  • Lymphatic spread
    • Usually follows natural route of drainage
    • Typical for carcinomas, but also in sarcomas
    • Sentinel node
  • Hematogenous
    • Typical for sarcomas but also in carcinomas
    • Usually venous, most frequently to liver and lung
28
Q

compare benign and malignant in the following categories:

  • differentiation/anaplasia
  • rate of growth
  • local invasion
  • metastasis
A
29
Q

what is the significance of cancer epidemiology?

A
  • Cancer epidemiology can contribute significantly to knowledge about the origin of cancer
  • Major insights into the cause of cancer can be obtained by epidemiologic studies that relate:
    • particular environmental,
    • racial and cultural influences to the occurrence of specific neoplasms.
30
Q

4 key factors affecting incidence of cancer:

A
  • Geographic and Environmental
  • Age
  • Heredity
  • Acquired pre-neoplastic disorders
31
Q

heredity:

3 different types of heredity

A
  • inherited cancer syndromes: Inheritance of a single mutant gene greatly increases the risk of developing neoplasm
    • E.g. Retinoblastoma in children
  • familiar cancer: all common types of CA occur in familial form; familial cancer usually have unique features.
    • starts at early age, multiple/bilat, 2+ relatives
    • e.g. breast, colon, ovary, brain
  • autosomal recessibe syndromes of defective DNA repair
    • DNA instability;
    • small group of autosomal recessive disorders
32
Q

acquired preneoplastic disorders:

A
  • Some Clinical conditions that predispose to cancer
    • Dysplastic bronchial mucosa in smokers –> lung carcinoma
    • Atypical endometrial hypeplasia –> endometrial carcinoma
    • Liver cirrhosis –> liver cell carcinoma
    • Margins of chronic skin fistula –> squamous cell carcinoma
33
Q

describe the histologic grading of cancer

A
  • Based upon the degree of tumor differentiation
  • Classified as grades I to IV, well to poorly differentiated
  • Criteria within each tumor type varies
  • Generally, the higher the grade, the more aggressive the tumor
34
Q

how is cancer staged?

A
  • Much more clinically significant
  • In US, commonly use the system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging (AJCC)
  • Employs the TNM classification system to categorize the cancer into stages 0 to IV
    • T for the tumor characteristics, usually size
    • N for lymph node metastasis
    • M for distant metastasis
  • Plays a significant role in selecting the best form of therapy for the patient

Y1 - Pathology (14 decks)

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