Chapter 15. Musculoskeletal System - Medical Terms Flashcards
1
Q
acetabulum
A
rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint
2
Q
acromion
A
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
3
Q
articular cartilage
A
thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space
4
Q
calcaneal
A
pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)
5
Q
calcium
A
one of the mineral constituents of bone
6
Q
cancellous bone
A
spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
7
Q
carpals
A
bones of the wrist
8
Q
cartilage
A
flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone
9
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
seven backbones in the neck
10
Q
chondrocostal
A
pertaining to cartilage that is attached to the ribs
11
Q
clavicle
A
collar bone
12
Q
coccyx
A
tailbone
13
Q
collagen
A
dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone
14
Q
colles fracture
A
broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius
15
Q
comminuted fracture
A
broken bone that is splintered or crushed
16
Q
compact bone
A
hard, dense bone tissue
17
Q
condyle
A
knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint
18
Q
cranial bones
A
bones of the skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones
19
Q
craniotome
A
instrument to cut the skull (cranium)
20
Q
craniotomy
A
incision of the skull
21
Q
crepitus
A
crackling sound produced when ends of bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage
22
Q
decalcification
A
loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth
23
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
24
Q
epiphyseal
A
shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
25
epiphyseal plate
layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place
26
epiphysis
each end of a long bone
27
ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye
28
Ewing sarcoma
malignant bone tumor occurring in children
29
exostosis
bony growth arising from the surface of a bone
30
facial bones
bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones
31
femoral
pertaining to the femur
32
femur
thigh bone
33
fibula
smaller of the two leg bones
34
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
35
fissure
narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones
36
fontanelle
soft spot between skull bones of an infant
37
foramen
opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
38
fossa
shallow cavity in a bone
39
frontal bone
skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes
40
Haversian canals
minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone
41
humeral
pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)
42
humerus
upper arm bone
43
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
44
iliac
pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone)
45
ilium
upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone
46
impacted fracture
broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment
47
ischial
pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the pelvic bone)
48
ischium
posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone
49
kyphosis
abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine
50
lacrimal bones
two small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts
51
lamina
one of two posterior (back) arches of a vertebra
52
laminectomy
surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk
53
lordosis
forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column; in its extreme form it is known as swayback
54
lumbar vertebrae
backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest)
55
lumbosacral
pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions)
56
malleolar
pertaining to a malleolus
57
malleolus
either of two bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle
58
mandible
lower jaw bone
59
mandibular
pertaining to the lower jaw bone
60
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
61
mastoid process
round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the ear
62
medullary cavity
inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue
63
metacarpals
hand bones
64
metacarpectomy
surgical excision of hand bones
65
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone
66
metatarsalgia
foot pain
67
metatarsals
foot bones
68
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
69
nasal bones
two facial bones that form the nose
70
occipital bone
forms the posterior portion of the skull
71
olecranal
pertaining to the elbow (olecranon)
72
orthopedics
surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones
73
olecranon
large process on the end (proximal) of the unla; elbow
74
osseous tissue
bone tissue
75
ossification
process of forming bone
76
osteitis
inflammation of bone
77
osteoblast
bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue
78
osteoclast
large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures
79
osteodystrophy
abnormal development of bone
80
osteogenesis imperfecta
congenital bone disease in which bones are unusually brittle and fragile
81
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue
82
osteomalacia
softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets
83
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
84
osteopenia
deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone growth matrix
85
osteoporosis
abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue; bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily
86
osteotome
instrument to cut bone
87
parietal bones
two bones on either side of the skull
88
patella
kneecap
89
pelvimetry
measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible
90
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones
91
peroneal
pertaining to the fibula
92
phalangeal
pertaining too finger and toe bones
93
phalanges
finger and toe bones
94
phosphorus
mineral found in bones and teeth
95
pubic symphysis
area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone; it is a slightly more movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage
96
pubis
one of two bones forming the front portion of the hipbone
97
radial
pertaining to the radium, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)
98
radius
one of two bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side)
99
red bone marrow
soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
100
reduction
reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture
101
ribs
twelve pars of curved, elongated bones in the chest
102
sacral vertebrae
bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)
103
scapula
shoulder blade
104
scapular
pertaining to the shoulder blade
105
scoliosis
abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
106
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland
107
sinus
hollow, air cavity within a bone
108
sphenoid bone
bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull
109
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine
110
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) character4ized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints
111
sternum
breast bone
112
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
113
subcostal
pertaining to under the ribs
114
supraclavicular
pertaining to above the clavicle bone (collar bone)
115
suture
Immovable, fibrous joint, as between bones of the skull
116
talipes
club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot
117
tarsals
ankle bones
118
tarsectomy
removal of an ankle bone
119
temporal bones
two bones on each side of the skull near the ear
120
temporomandibular joint
connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone)
121
thoracic vertebrae
twelve backbones in the region of the chest
122
tibia
larger of the two lower leg bones
123
tibial
pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones
124
trabeculae
supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone
125
trochanter
large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone)
126
tubercle
small, rounded process on a bone
127
tuberosity
large, rounded process on a bone
128
ulna
one of two bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side
129
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
130
vertebra, vertebrae
a backbone
131
vertebroplasty
repair of a fractured vertebra
132
vomer
thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils
133
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone)
134
yellow bone matter
fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones
135
zygomatic bones
cheekbones of the face
136
abduction
muscle movement away from the midline of the body
137
achondroplasia
inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size; achondroplastic dwarf
138
adduction
muscle movement toward the midline of the body
139
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
damage to nerves on the lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis
140
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; market by stiffness and eventual fusion (ankylosis) of involved joints
141
ankylosis
immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
142
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement
143
arthrotomy
incision of a joint
144
articular cartilage
cartilage surrounding bones in a joint
145
articulation
a connection between bones; joint
146
atrophy
wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue (especially muscle)
147
bunion
abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot
148
bursa, bursae
sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint
149
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint
150
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist
151
chondroma
benign tumor of cartilage
152
chrondromalacia
softening of cartilage
153
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
154
dorsiflexion
backward (upward) bending of the foot
155
extension
increasing the angle between two bones and straightening a limb
156
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle
157
fasciectomy
femoval of fascia
158
fibromyalgia
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips and knees
159
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones, as in bending a limb
160
ganglion
cystic mass arising from a tendon
161
gouty arthritis
inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints
162
hemarthrosis
condition of blood in a joint
163
hydrarthrosis
condition of water or fluid in a joint
164
hypertrophy
increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells
165
hyperuricemia
increase in uric acid in the blood
166
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle
167
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
168
ligament
connective tissue binding bones to other bones
169
ligamentous
pertaining to a ligament
170
lyme disease
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neruologic and cardiac symptoms; it is caused by a deer tick and was first reported in Old Lyme, Connecticut
171
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
172
myalgia
muscle pain
173
myopathy
disease of muscles
174
myositis
inflammation of muscles
175
osteoarthritis
inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space
176
plantar flexion
motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground
177
podagra
foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis)
178
polyarthritis
inflammation of many joints
179
polymyalgia
pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips
180
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
181
pronation
as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down
182
pyrexia
fever
183
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
184
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
185
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
186
rheumatologist
medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders
187
rotation
circular movement around an axis (central point)
188
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
189
sprain
trauma to a joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments
190
strain
muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling
191
striated muscle
composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle)
192
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint
193
supination
as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up
194
suture joint
join in which apposed bones are closely united
195
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; it contains synovial fluid
196
synovial fluid
sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity)
197
synovial joint
freely movable joint
198
synovial membrane
membrane lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid
199
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint
200
systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic inflammatory autoimune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembles the bite of a wolf (lupus)
201
tendinitis
inflammation of tendons; tendonitis
202
tendon
a type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
203
tenorrhaphy
suture of a tendon
204
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering
205
visceral muscle
muscle that lines the walls of internal organs; smooth or involuntary muscle
206
antinuclear antibody test
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
207
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
208
arthrography
x-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contrast material
209
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint (with prosthesis); total hip replacement and total knee replacement are examples
210
arthroscopy
visual examination of the inside of joint with an endoscope
211
bone density test
low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA)
212
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive subst6ance is measured in bone
213
computed tomography
x-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bone and soft tissue abnormalities
214
diskography
x-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk
215
electromyography
process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
216
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube
217
magnetic resonance imaging
a magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissue and muscles
218
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
219
rheumatoid factor test
serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
220
serum calcium
measurement of calcium in serum
221
serum creatine kinase
measurement of an enzyme (createin phosphokinase) in serum
222
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis
