9.3.2 Practical Issues In The Design And Implementation Of Research

Question 1

What is the IV?

Answer 1

The one thing that you change.

Question 2

What is the DV?

Answer 2

The change that happens as a result of the IV.

Question 3

What is operationalising variables?

Answer 3

How you will define and measure a specific variable.

Question 4

What are participant variables?

Answer 4

Related to individual characteristics of each ppt that may impact how they respond. E.g. mood, intelligence

Question 5

What are situational variables?

Answer 5

Factors in environment that can unintentionally affect the results of a study. E.g. temperature, noise.

Question 6

What is experimenter bias?

Answer 6

Where the experimenter influences the results in order to portray a particular outcome.

Question 7

How can demand characteristics create bias?

Answer 7

Clues given to the ppt about tehe point of the experiment.

Question 8

How can interpretation of data create bias?

Answer 8

The results may be interpreted wrongly; for example if subjective data, such as qualitative, is gathered.

Question 9

How can inter-rater reliability create bias?

Answer 9

Can’t decide what the results are, so can’t make a conclusion

Question 10

How can triangulation create bias?

Answer 10

Information and details can be lost as it is passed from one person to another.

Question 11

How can social desirability create bias?

Answer 11

Ppts lie, which ruins the results so they look better to others.

Question 12

How can interviewer bias create bias?

Answer 12

The results are bended to fit what the interviewer expected to see.

Question 13

How can experimenter bias create bias?

Answer 13

Can’t reach a conclusion.

Question 14

Sherif generalisability

Answer 14

Low because small sample; 24 boys, all aged 11.

Question 15

Sherif validity

Answer 15

Low ecological validity, ppts spent time away from home with a group of boys they have never met before, which is unnatural and may have created unnatural results.

Question 16

Sherif subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 16

A lot of the results was observation, which is subective.

Question 17

Raine Generalisability

Answer 17

High generalisablility, a variety of ppts were used; mix of men and women, mix of mental health disorders and non mental health disorders.

Question 18

Raine validity

Answer 18

A CPT was used which could have been considered artificial; the ppts were completing an unnatural task. low ecological validity.

Question 19

Raine reliability

Answer 19

PET scans were used which are reliable because they can be replicated to test for consistency.

Question 20

Raine Subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 20

Brain scans are an objective form of quan data.

Question 21

Raine ethics

Answer 21

The use of brain scans is unethical because it can cause physical harm, such as radiation.

Question 22

Watson and Raynor generalisability

Answer 22

Low generalisability because only one ppt was used.

Question 23

Watson and Raynor validity

Answer 23

High ecological validity because he was too young to be affected by the use of an artificial environment.

Question 24

Watson and Raynor subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 24

Albert was observed, which produced qual data. This is subjective because they had to interpret the behaviour of Albert.

Question 25

Baddeley generalisability

Answer 25

High generalisability because men and women were used. However, they all came from Cambridge uni which means the results can’t be generalised to people who are of a different intelligence level.

Question 26

Baddeley validity

Answer 26

Low ecological validity. Recalling word lists is an unnatural task, that could result in unnatural responses.

Question 27

Baddeley reliability

Answer 27

A standardised procedure was used, which means it is reliability because it can be repeated to check for reliability and credibiltiy.

Question 28

Baddeley subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 28

quan data was gathered, which is objective, making the results more reliable.

Question 29

Rosenhan generalisability

Answer 29

A variety of hospitals across a variety of different states in America, meaning results can be generalised to a wide population.

Question 30

Rosenhan Validity

Answer 30

High ecological validity because to the ppts, a person coming into the hospital complaining of hearing voices is a normal situation, which means normal results/ responses.

Question 31

Rosenhan Reliability

Answer 31

There may have been observer bias because the pseudos may have not recorded what they considered was important, and information may have been missed out.

Question 32

Rosenhan subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 32

Qual data was gathered which makes it subjective because the pseudos could have exaggerated/ assumed something as more extreme than it actually was.

Question 33

Rosenhan ethics

Answer 33

The ppts didn’t know that they were involved in a study, which is deception. They were also given no right to withdraw. This creates practical issues for the research.

Question 34

Loftus and Palmer generalisability

Answer 34

In experiment 2, 150 students were used. This is high in generalisability because a large sample was used, however they were all the same age range, which decreases the generalisability.

Question 35

Loftus and Palmer validity

Answer 35

Lacked mundane realism and ecological validity because ppts watched a video rather than an actual car crash.

Question 36

Loftus and Palmer subjectivity/ objectivity

Answer 36

The data collected was quan which means it is objective.

Question 37

Why does objectivity/ subjectivity matter?

Answer 37

Objectivity ensures that bias by experimenter or interpretation doesn’t affect results-scientific. Too narrow as objectivity explains what is seen, but doesn’t go into depth to explain why.

Question 38

Why the type of data used matter?

Answer 38

Having an objective type of data makes the results more credible than a subjective type of data.

Question 39

Why does data collection matter?

Answer 39

Know how credible or reliable the data is

Question 40

Why does internal validity matter?

Answer 40

It provides levels of accuracy which increased credibility. Increased accuracy means more effective research for society-increases usefulness of applications.

Question 41

Why does external validity matter?

Answer 41

Should be high so that results can be representations of real life situations. Leads to useful contributions to society. Eg Raine use of info in court cases

Question 42

Why do standardisation and replication matter?

Answer 42

Easily replicated to test for consistency, check reliability of results. Low mundane realism too standardised, unrealistic which leads to unnatural response

Question 43

Why does reliability over time matter?

Answer 43

To prove consistency over time and relevancy for society. It is still applicable. Studies are done in the past could not be easily replicated now (w and r)

Question 44

Why does scientific status matter?

Answer 44

Can lead to practical issues because scientific measures can not always be used. High control over extraneous variables as environment is controlled.

Question 45

Why does generalisability matter?

Answer 45

High generalisability means the results can be generalised too a wider population. Low generalisability means the results can’t be representative of a wider population which means a lower application.