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SBI4U: Chapter 9 > 9.1: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

9.1: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones directly into the blood

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2
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Is a control centre and coordinates the endocrine and nervous system

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the hypothalamus

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4
Q

Explain the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior- Produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Posterior- Stores and transports ADH and oxytocin

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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Located in the middle of the neck

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6
Q

What is the main role of the thyroid gland?

A

Secretes a hormone that controls the speed that the body cells work

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7
Q

Explain the secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Is regulated by a negative feedback system from the hypothalamus via the TSH (thyroid-secreting hormone)

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8
Q

What is groiter?

A

An iodine deficiency where the thyroid enlarges as it attempts to make thyroxine (T4)

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9
Q

What does T4 and T3 do?

A

Regulates the rate glucose is oxidized within body cells

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10
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases the amount of calcium in the blood

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11
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid glands?

A

Regulates the amount of calcium in the blood

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12
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland?

A

Has 4 glands which are located inside the thyroid

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13
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases the amount of calcium in the blood

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14
Q

What is the difference between target and non-target hormones?

A

Target: Affect specific cells and target tissues
Non-Target: Affect many cells throughout the body

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15
Q

What are the main characteristic differences between steroid and peptide hormones?

A

Steroid: Fat-soluble, made from cholesterol, can easily diffuse through lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
Peptide: Water-soluble, made from an amino acid chain, cannot diffuse through cell membrane

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16
Q

How do steroid proteins act?

A

Diffusing directly into the target cell which activates specific genes to elicit a response

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17
Q

What does the steroid hormone affect?

A

Gene expression

18
Q

How does a peptide hormone act?

A

Binding to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane which causes a chain reaction inside the target cell

19
Q

What do peptide hormones affect?

A

Metabolic enzyme activity

20
Q

How does adenyl cyclase work?

A

Catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

21
Q

Why is the hypothalamus important for the pituitary?

A
  1. Pituitary is located on the hypothalamus
  2. Hypothalamus regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary
22
Q

Where is oxytocin and ADH produced and released from?

A
  • Produced in the hypothalamus
  • Released from the posterior pituitary gland
23
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced and released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Thyroid-Secreting Hormone (TSH)
  2. Follicle-Secreting Hormone (FSH)
  3. Human-Growth Hormone (hGH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  5. Prolactin (PRL)
  6. Leutenizing Hormone (LH)
24
Q

What is the relevance of cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)?

A

Is the second chemical messenger that directs protein synthesis by ribosomes

25
Q

What is the role of adrenal glands and where are they located?

A
  • Regulate the use of carbohydrates, salts, and prepare the body for emergencies (fight/flight)
  • Located above each kidney
26
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do? Give an example.

A
  • Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Regulates short-term stress response (fight/flight)
  • Ex: Increases blood pressure
27
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do? Give an example.

A
  • Produces glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
  • Regulates long-term stress response
  • Inflammation reduces and and immune cells supress
28
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

29
Q

Give an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • Raises blood glucose
  • Released when the body is under stress
  • Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory
31
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • Increases the absorption of sodium in the blood
  • Increases blood pressure and ion concentration in the blood
  • More osmosis is required
32
Q

Why does aldosterone require more osmosis?

A

Since Na dehydrates the body, the body needs more water to circulate throughout the body, requiring osmosis

33
Q

What are Islets of Langerhans

A

A cluster of endocrine cells which is found in the pancreas

34
Q

What 2 hormones does Islets of Langerhans secrete?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
35
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the Islets of langerhans

A
  1. Alpha Cells
  2. Beta Cells
36
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

Secretes glucagon which increases blood glucose

37
Q

What do beta cells do?

A

Secretes insulin which decreases blood glucose

38
Q

Which feedback system is insulin and glucagon regulated by?

A

A negative feedback system

39
Q

Explain the process of blood glucose homeostasis

A

When blood glucose gets too high, beta cells secrete insulin, which makes the cell membrane more permeable so it decreases blood glucose. When blood sugar gets too low, alpha cells secrete glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver which converts glycogen to glucose which is released.

40
Q

Explain type 1 diabetes

A
  • Diagnosed usually as a child
  • Beta cells are degenerated, causing no production of insulin
  • This makes the person insulin dependent
41
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes

A
  • Is diagnosed typically as an adult
  • Caused by unhealthy diets,
  • Beta cells do not produce as much insulin, but the person is not insulin-dependent
  • They must take oral pills to stimulate the islets of Langerhans
42
Q

What is diabetes inspidus?

A
  • A condition where the kidney does not concentrate urine well
  • Can be caused by inadequate production of ADH by the hypothalamus
  • This results in the kidneys to lack the reabsorption of water

SBI4U: Chapter 9 (1 decks)

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