9.1 & 9.2 Flashcards
chemical processes of life
metabolism
the elements and compounds the body needs for energy, repair, and growth
nutrients
energy content of food is typically measured in…
Calories
what are the only two safe, healthy way to lose weight
- to eat a healthy diet
- exercise regularly
your body’s primary source of energy and building materials
macronutrients
vitamins and minerals are needed in much smaller amounts and are therefore…
micronutrients
the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell; provide most of the energy for living things
carbohydrates
each link in a carbohydrate chain
simple sugar
two monosaccharides combined
simple carbohydrates
polysaccharides formed from long chains of simple carbohydrates
complex carbohydrates
a mixture of polysaccharides manufactured by plant cells for glucose storage
starch
not digested or incorporated into the body
dietary fiber
helps move undigested wastes along to keep the intestines clean and healthy
insoluble fiber
primary component of plant cell walls, is a form a insoluble fiber
cellulose
complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells; about half of the body’s dry weight
proteins
proteins made of simpler molecules; a long chain of protein
amino acids
- a single hydrogen atom
- a group of four atoms
- glycine
- alanine
fat-like substances, fats, and oils
lipids
simplest type of lipid molecule
fatty acid
fatty acids are combined into larger molecules
fats
used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones
cholesterol
energy carrier of the cell
ATP
important organic substances found in plants and animals and foods made from them
vitamins
molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs
coenzymes
substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals
antioxidants
important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues
minerals
much a person’s body weight
water
tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
alimentary canal
the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substance with smaller, less complex molecules
digestion
special proteins; catalysts produced by living cells
enzymes
control digestion
digestive enzymes
tiny secreting bodies that produces digestive enzymes
digestive glands
mouth
oral cavity
pushes food between the teeth and helps mix the food with mucus and saliva
tongue
tiny projections on tongue
papillae
digestive glands of the mouth
salivary glands
cut, break, or crush food into smaller pieces
teeth
- four front cutting teeth
- two tearing teeth that flank the incisors
- four light-grinding teeth that are in pairs on each side of the jaw next to the cuspids
- six heavy-grinding teeth that are arranged three to a side at the back of the jaw
- incisors
- cuspids
- bicuspids
- molars
breaks food into smaller particles; scientific word for chewing
mastication
throat; funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity
pharynx
tooth decay; cavities; most common disease in man
dental caries
extended neglect or improper oral hygiene can result in
periodontal disease
connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
method by which food is moved through all regions of the digestive tract
peristalsis
small flap of cartilage in the pharynx
epiglottis
inside of the tooth
pulp
white part of the tooth; strongest substance
enamel
eats through the enamel
lactic acid
name for the build on teeth
tartar
