Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OB > Ch. 3 fetal development > Flashcards

Ch. 3 fetal development Flashcards

1
Q

how many chromosomes are in each body cell. how are they broken down

A

46

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Teratogens

A

things in medicine that cause damage to growing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division for replacing dead cells and growing. makes cells with 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the diploid number of chromosomes

A

46 in a body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process of mitosis in the sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oogenesis

A

mitosis in the ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division where reproductive cells under go 2 divisions reducing the number of chromosomes to 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the haploid number of chromosomes

A

23, sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does meiosis happen in the sperm

A

before it reaches the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when does meiosis happen in the ovum

A

when it is fertalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gametogenesis

A

the formation of gametes by meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many sperm are made by one spermatocyte

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

the outer third of the Fallopian tube near the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does an ovum survive

A

24 hrs after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What in the female effects gender

A

pH and estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does the male embryo differentiate

A

6-7 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does testosterone secretion begin in reproduction

A

8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is needed for female gonads to form

A

presence of estrogen and absence of testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do female gonads develop ovaries

A

6-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Recessive disorder

A

alteration of defect in one gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dominant disorder

A

defect in both genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if only one gene is normal what are the chances of developing a disorder

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is a zygote formed

A

when a sperm and egg combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens when a zygote is transported through the fallopian tube

A

rapid mitosis or cleavage but, the size doesn’t change just the number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cleavage

A

begins with 2 cells that divide into 4 then 8 to make blastomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Morula

A

the solid ball formed by cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

morula

A

enters uterus on third day and hangs out for 2-4 days before forming a cavity with 2 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Blastocyst

A

the inner layer of a morula, solid mass, turns into embryo and embryonic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer layer that becomes the embryonic membrane, the chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the zygote usually implant

A

in the upper part of the posterior uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Decidua

A

the endometrium after the zygote implants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Decidua basalis

A

area under the blastocyst that becomes the maternal placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens after implantation

A

the cells differentiate and develop special functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What appears after implantation

A

chorion
amnion
yolk sac
primary germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

chorion

  • what does it develop from
  • what does it do
  • what is it
A
  • the trophoblast
  • envelops the amnion, embryo and yolk sac and form the embryonic or fetal portion of the placenta
  • thick membrane with villi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

amnion

  • what is it
  • what does it do
  • what does it from
A
  • second membrane that meets the inside of the chorion
  • covers and protects the embryo
  • boundaries of the amniotic cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

amniotic sac

A

the chorion and amnion together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe amniotic fluid

A

clear
mild odor
contains bits of vernix and lanugo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

vernix

A

fetal skin covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

lanugo

A

fetal hair on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how much amniotic fluid

  • 10 weeks
  • 20 weeks
  • 37 week
A
  • 30 mL
  • 350 mL
  • 1000 mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How much amniotic fluid per day does a fetus swallow

A

400 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Functions of amniotic fluid

A
  • maintain termperture
  • prevents sac from sticking to skin
  • allows symmetrical growth
  • allows fetal movement
  • acts as protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When does the yolk sac form and where

A

9th day

in the blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

when does the yolk sac function and what does it do

A

about 6 weeks until liver takes over

initiates RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What happens when the yolk sac finishes its job

A

umbilical cord covers it and it degenerates

47
Q

what happens after implantation

A

the zygote in the blastocyst stage turns its embryonic disk into primary germ layers

48
Q

What are the primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

49
Q

what does the ectoderm become

A
  • outer skin
  • oil glands
  • hair follicles
  • nails and hair
  • external sense organs
  • mucous membranes of mouth and anus
50
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A
  • true skin
  • skeleton
  • bone and cartilage
  • connective tissue
  • muscles
  • blood and vessels
  • kidneys
  • gonads
51
Q

what does the endoderm become

A
  • lining of throat
  • lining of GI tract
  • lining of bladder and urethra
52
Q

time period for embryo

A

2-8 weeks

53
Q

time period for fetus

A

9 weeks - birth

54
Q

What happens the second week

A

ectoderm, endoderm and amnion begin to develop

55
Q

what develops week 3

A

single tubular heart
neural tube
primitive spine and brain

56
Q

what develops in week 4

A 
esophagus and trachea
stomach
neural tube closes
forebrain
limb buds
ears and eyes begin
57
Q

what develops in week 6

A 
auditory canal
eyes obvious
heart has chambers
nasal cavity
 upper lip
58
Q

what develops in week 8

A 
human appearance
purposeful movement
tail disappears
sex organs
start of most structures
59
Q

what develops in week 17

A 
genitalia visable
leg movement visable
feel movement
bones ossified
eye movement
sucks and swallows fluid
ova
no true skin of fat
60
Q

week 25

A 
skin wrinkled
lean body
eyes open
VIABLE
quickening
has sleep schedule
vernix careosa
Lanugo 
brown fat forms
surfactant
fingernails
resp. movement
61
Q

week 29

A

assumes cephalic position
CNS functioning
spleen stops making blood
bone marrow makes blood

62
Q

weed 36

A

head and abd equal

subcut fat

63
Q

what is full term

A

39-40 weeks

64
Q

what are the measurements full term

  • length
  • weight
A
  • 48 to 52 cm (18-21 in)

- 3000 to 3600 g (6 lb to 7 lb 15 oz)

65
Q

week 3

A

mesoderm and neural tube forms

primitive heart starts to pump

66
Q

when does the placenta attach

A

12 weeks (end of first trimester)

67
Q

abnormal attachment to uterine wall results in

A

placenta accreta or placenta previa

68
Q

what is the age of viability

A

20 weeks

69
Q

placenta

A

temporary organ for resp., nutrition and excretion, endocrine gland

70
Q

when does the placenta form

A

when the chorionic villi of the embryo extends into the mother’s decidua basalis

71
Q

where does the maternal part of the placenta come from

A

decidua basalis

72
Q

what does the fetal side of the placenta come from

A

chorionic villi and chorionic blood vessels

73
Q

what does the amnion do

A

covers the fetal side and umbilical cord giving them a gray shiny look

74
Q

what does enlarged placenta signal

A

maternal diabetes

increased morbidity of fetus

75
Q

what causes small placenta

A

stress
undernutrition
steriods
chronic hypoxia

76
Q

how much does the placenta weigh at term

A

1/6 weight of baby

77
Q

how does deoxygenated blood and waste leave the fetus

A

2 umbilical arteries that enter placenta through branch of main stem villus which comes from the intervillous space (lacuna)

78
Q

how does oxygenated blood from mom get to baby

A

goes into the intervillous space from spiral arteries in the decidua

79
Q

what hormones are made by the placenta

A
  • progesterone
  • estrogen
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • human placental lactogen (hPL)
80
Q

function of progesterone in pregnancy

A
  • maintain implantation
  • reduces contractions and prevents miscarraige
  • prepares milk
  • stimulates testosterone in male baby
81
Q

function of estrogen in pregnancy

A
  • stimulates uterine growth
  • increases blood flow to uterus
  • helps development of breast ducts for milk
82
Q

effects of estrogen not directly related to pregnancy

A
  • mask of pregnancy
  • vascular changes to skin and membranes in nose and mouth
  • increased saliva
83
Q

function of Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

-makes corpus luteum to keep making estrogen and progesterone to sustain pregnancy

84
Q

what do pregnancy test check for and how soon

A

hCG, 7-9 days after fertilization

85
Q

Function of Human placental lactogen

A

-decrease insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in mom so baby has what it needs to grow

86
Q

what is in the umbilical cord

A

2 arteries and a vein

87
Q

Wharton jelly

A

covers the vessels in the umbilical cord

88
Q

how long is the cord

A

55cm (22 in)

89
Q

ductus venosus

A

fetal circulatory shunt

sends some blood away from the liver as it goes to the placenta

90
Q

foramen ovale

A

fetal circulatory shunt

diverts most blood from the right atrium to the left instead of going to lungs

91
Q

ductus arteriousus

A

fetal circulatory shunt

diverts most blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta

92
Q

why does the foramen ovale close after birth

A

pressure on the right side of the heart falls as the lungs fill

93
Q

what causes the ductus arteriousus to constrict after birth

A

oxygen levels rise

94
Q

when does the ductus venosus close after birth

A

when flow from the umbilical cord stops

95
Q

when does the foramen ovale close

  • functionally
  • permanently
A
  • 2 hr after birth

- 3 months

96
Q

when does the ductus arteriousus close

  • functionally
  • permanently
A
  • 15 hrs

- 3 weeks

97
Q

when does the ductus venosus close

  • functionally
  • permanently
A
  • when the cord is cut

- 1 week

98
Q

what do the ductus arteriousus and ductus venosus become after they close permanently

A

ligaments

99
Q

what can cause the foramen ovale to reopen

A

conditions that keep lungs from filling fully

100
Q

what can cause the ductus arteriosus to remain open

A

conditions that lower blood oxygen levels

101
Q

what causes wet lung in newborns

A

c-section or rapid delivery

102
Q

when is the fetus most susceptible to external influences

A

first 3 months

103
Q

what does pancreatic beta cells cause

A

impaired insulin secretion

104
Q

what can happen in utero and increase risk for hypertension later in life

A

changes in vascular or renal structures or hormonal systems from malnourishment

105
Q

what can impaired fetal liver growth late in gestation cause

A

impaired lipid metabolism and increased cholesterol level

106
Q

what is used for assessment of fetal growth

A
  • weight
  • length
  • placenta size
  • head and abd size
107
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identicle

108
Q

physical differences in monozygotic twins are caused by

A

differences in blood supply from the placenta

109
Q

monozygotic twins begin to develop when

A

end of first week after fertilization

110
Q

what things to monozygotic twins share

A
  • chorion
  • placenta
  • some vessels
111
Q

what causes conjoined twins

A

embryonic disk not dividing completely

112
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

113
Q

what increases chances of dizygotic twins

A

genetics and older age

OB (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions