90 questions Flashcards
1
Q
what does the term function mean?
A
The purpose/activity that a place serves to us.
2
Q
Why do places change their functions over time?
A
- Industrialisation e.g. the industrial revolution in the UK 18th to 19th century lead to increase in secondary industry with mass production of iron and textile industries, development of steam engine.
- deindustrialisation e.g. north east UK (Tyneside) home of coal, steel and shipbuilding up until 1960 where secondary industry has since decreased and tertiary increased. - Industrialisation e.g. the industrial revolution in the UK 18th to 19th century lead to increase in secondary industry with mass production of iron and textile industries, development of steam engine.
- deindustrialisation e.g. north east UK (Tyneside) home of coal, steel and shipbuilding up until 1960 where secondary industry has since decreased and tertiary increased.
- Demographic changes e.g. UK ethnic composition and age structure has changed with migrants from Caribbean, west Africa and India after second world war.
3
Q
What impact does a change in function have?
A
- changes in employment structure.
- changes in land use.
- migration
- change in demographic
- change in industry
4
Q
What role do, physical factors, accessibility and connectedness, historical development and local and national planning have on the function of an area?
A
- physical factors e.g. sea level rise and climate change cause coastal erosion at Happisburgh in Norfolk, 250m of land lost in 250 years, changing land use decisions.
- accessibility and connectedness e.g. major railways towns such as crewe have seen decline since development of motorways after 1960s
- Historical development e.g. Totnes has introduced ‘transition town’ projects to protect local culture.
- Local and national planning e.g. National infrastructure plan (2010) has designated towns like Bicester village as new ‘garden cities’ with 13,000 new homes and new railway station.
- other factors e.g. globalisation has made it more cost effective to transport from other countries leading to the closure of factories.
5
Q
How can changes in functions be measured?
A
- stage of economic development
- employment structure
- demographic characteristics
- land use
- opinions of stakeholders (local residents and employers)
- culture changes
6
Q
How does a change in function cause changes in employment?
A
- change in function due to industrialisation/deindustrialisation can lead to a switch in employment structure
- e.g. 1980’s deindustrialisation occurred in the UK due to conservative government, Thatcher argued the British industry was not profitable and overmanned meaning she closed coal, steel and shipbuilding industries in favour of importing cheap goods globally causing an increase in tertiary and decrease in secondary/primary jobs.
- e.g. industrial revolution in the UK 1800-1900 led to mass production of iron and textiles in factories, brought increase in volume and variety of manufactured goods which improved standard of living, increasing secondary jobs and decreasing primary.
7
Q
How does a change in function cause demographic changes?
A
- a change in employment structure can change demographic characteristics.
- e.g. Happisburgh, Norfolk had a primary agricultural employment structure, this changed as tertiary jobs were created to lower unemployment. However with no highly paid quaternary jobs, university graduates and skilled workers are likely to leave the area due to the reduced agricultural livelihood that they had before. this will cause an ageing demographic with low paid and low skilled workers.
8
Q
How does a change in function cause deprivation?
A
- A change in function due to physical factors such as floods can cause deprivation.
- e.g. Carlisle has a very high flood risk meaning there is a reduced number of business start ups due to these risks. A lack of business can increase unemployment, which causes a negative multiplier effect.
9
Q
What regional influences have impacted Woking’s functions?
A
- south east plan
- Woking classed as hub town due to economic activity and transport interchange
- Woking is focus for improvements to transport network and retail and infrastructure e.g. New Marks and Spencers investment.
10
Q
What national influences have impacted Woking’s functions?
A
- largest employer in Woking is mclaren group
11
Q
How are different groups in Woking impacted by its changes?
A
- young people
- Families
- Commuters
- Elderly
12
Q
What international and global influences have shaped Woking (think TNCs)?
A
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13
Q
How have the economic and social changes inferenced people’s identity in Woking?
A
- workings function is now commercial and retail services
- acts as commuter town for those working in London
14
Q
- What characteristics do successful areas have?
A
- low unemployment
- good health/education services
- low deprivation
- good governance
15
Q
- What characteristics do unsuccessful regions have?
A
- high crime rate
- high deprivation
- high unemployment
- poor services
16
Q
- How are priorities for regeneration decided?
A
- based on the current problems and focused around improving sustainability.
- local and national governments choose where money should be spent to reduce economic and social inequalities.
17
Q
- Why do levels of engagement in local communities vary? What impact does this have?
A
- social deprivation or inequality can cause some to feel excluded and therefore have low levels of engagement. E.g. The english defence league organise protests against Muslim communities which leads to muslims feeling isolated.
18
Q
- Why do conflicts occur among contrasting community groups concerning regeneration?
A
- conflicts occur between different groups of people as they have different views of what priorities of regeneration should be for their area e.g. Different ethnicities or ages may have different views.
19
Q
- What statistical evidence is there for a need for regeneration in our local area?
A
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20
Q
- How does different media provide contrasting evidence for the need for regeneration in our area?
A
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21
Q
- What role does UK govt. play in infrastructure investment?
A
Responsible for:
- co-ordinating and simplifying the planning and prioritisation of investment in UK infrastructure
- improving UK infrastructure by achieving greater value for money on infrastructure projects and transitions
In 2016 Infrastructure UK merged with the Major Projects Authority to form a new organisation, ‘The Infrastructure and Projects Authority’.
22
Q
- How does govt. policy maintain growth and improve accessibility to regenerated regions?
A
- infrastructure investment (e.g. high speed rail, airport development) maintains growth improves accessibility.
- rate of development and type of development (planning laws, house building targets and affordability) impacts the speed of growth and housing improves accessibility.
- govt decisions on international migration and deregulation of capital markets (e.g. enabling FDI in prime London real estate) impact potential for growth.
23
Q
- What impact do planning laws, house building targets, permission for fracking, have on economic regeneration in rural areas?
A
- planning laws impact the number of new buildings within an area and the use of the buildings (housing, retail, leisure etc.) buildings which will generate income and increase visitors from urban areas will result in successful economic regeneration.
- house building targets impact the number of houses built and therefore the access to housing, good access to housing may attract people to the rural area, leading to successful economic regeneration.
- permission for fracking will impact oil businesses and improve domestic oil production, furthermore it will reduce gas prices however on a local scale it is likely to cause conflicts between stakeholders as some feel groundwater could be polluted and small earth tremors could be created.
24
Q
- What impact does international migration and the deregulation of capital markets have on direct and indirect investment in the UK?
A
- international migration provides indirect investment as it is possible that people who are not migrants themselves could invest in migrants in their social network within the UK as they may receive remittances or benefit from know-how transfers.
- migration increases FDI as the presence of people with the same ethnic or national background on both sides of a border improves info about the market structure, consumer preferences and business ethics which can be invaluable in identifying new business opportunities.
- deregulation of capital markets encourage FDI due to fewer barriers, the ‘Big Bang’ revolution in the UK 1980’s abolished commissions on trades and allowed foreign firms to own UK brokers, allowing greater competition and opening Londons market to international banks, increasing FDI into UK allowing London to compete with New York as a financial centre.
25
Q
- What do local governments do to create sympathetic business environments for domestic and foreign investors?
A
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26
Q
- What role do local interest groups play in regeneration?
A
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27
Q
- What issues arise when local interest groups disagree?
A
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28
Q
- What strategies can be used for urban and rural regeneration?
A
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29
Q
- What is rebranding?
A
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30
Q
- How can a variety of media be used to make urban and rural areas more attractive for potential investors?
A
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31
Q
- How does rebranding in deindustrialised cities create attractive spaces by utilising industrial heritage?
A
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32
Q
- How can this be used to attract national and international visitors?
A
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33
Q
- What role to enterprise zones and science parks play in attracting domestic and foreign investors?
A
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34
Q
- What is a local interest group?
A
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35
Q
- What range of rebranding strategies are used in rural areas?
A
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36
Q
- How do these strategies make rural areas more attractive to national and international tourists and visitors?
A
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37
Q
- How can the success of economic regeneration be assessed?
A
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38
Q
- How can social progress be measured between different areas?
A
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39
Q
- How can the success of environmental regeneration be assessed?
A
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