90 NINJA MCQS - COMPLETE - 1-23-24 COPY Flashcards

1
Q
A

E-cash

E-cash (an abbreviation of electronic cash) is an electronic payment option through financial cyber-mediaries (for example, PayPal) that aims to be secure and untraceable; note that there are several potential security problems associated with using E-cash.

Use of a credit card or electronic check on a website generally involves disclosing financial information, unless some special situation exists; thus, they cannot be said to be maintaining financial privacy.

The term “site draft” is not commonly used; the homophone term “sight draft” means a draft payable on delivery and presentment to the drawer.

What is e-cash?
ChatGPT
E-cash, short for electronic cash, refers to a digital representation of physical currency used for online transactions. It is a form of electronic money that enables individuals and businesses to make digital payments and transactions over the internet. Here are some key characteristics and features of e-cash:

Digital Currency: E-cash is purely digital and exists only in electronic form. It is not physical paper money or coins.

Anonymity: E-cash systems can offer a certain level of anonymity in transactions, allowing users to make payments without revealing their real identities.

Security: E-cash transactions are typically secured using encryption and authentication protocols to protect against fraud and unauthorized access.

Decentralization: Some e-cash systems operate on decentralized networks, such as blockchain technology, which ensures that no central authority has control over the currency.

Transferability: E-cash can be easily transferred between parties over the internet, making it convenient for online purchases and payments.

Acceptance: To use e-cash, both the payer and the payee need to have accounts or wallets within the same e-cash system or platform. It relies on a network of users willing to accept and use the digital currency.

Conversion to Fiat Currency: E-cash can often be converted into traditional fiat currency (government-issued currency, like the US dollar or Euro) through exchanges or financial institutions.

Examples: One of the most well-known examples of e-cash is Bitcoin, a decentralized cryptocurrency. Additionally, there are other forms of electronic money issued by central banks, such as digital currencies issued by central banks (Central Bank Digital Currencies or CBDCs), which are a digital representation of a country’s official currency.

E-cash is used for various online transactions, including buying goods and services, transferring funds, and even as a store of value. Its adoption has been driven by the increasing popularity of online commerce and the need for secure and convenient digital payment methods.

ChatGPT
The option that allows customers to pay for goods or services from a website while maintaining financial privacy is:

C) E-cash

E-cash, or electronic cash, can provide a certain level of financial privacy in online transactions. It allows users to make payments without revealing their real identities, and it operates in a more anonymous fashion compared to traditional payment methods like credit cards or electronic checks. However, the degree of privacy may vary depending on the specific e-cash system or platform used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A distributed processing environment would be most beneficial in which of the following situations?

A Large volumes of data are generated at many locations and fast access is required.
B Large volumes of data are generated centrally and fast access is not required.
C Small volumes of data are generated at many locations, fast access is required, and summaries of the data are needed promptly at a central site.
D Small volumes of data are generated centrally, fast access is required, and summaries are needed monthly at many locations.

A

Large volumes of data are generated at many locations and fast access is required.

A distributed system is a network of remote computers connected to a main computer system. A reduced workload on the main computer system results as information is entered and edited locally. Transmissions are minimized; if local information is incomplete or in error, it will be completed or corrected before being transmitted rather than being transmitted, rejected, and re-transmitted.

A distributed system is more beneficial when large volumes of data, as opposed to small volumes of data, are generated. A distributed system is more beneficial when data is generated at many locations as opposed to data that is generated centrally.

In a multiple location situation, a distributed system is more beneficial when fast access is needed as opposed to when fast access is not needed. In a multiple location situation, a distributed system is more beneficial when large volumes of data are accessed rather than when summarized data is accessed.

Here’s why the other options are less ideal:

B. Large volumes of data generated centrally and fast access not required: In this case, a centralized system might be sufficient, as there’s no need for data distribution or fast access from multiple locations.
C. Small volumes of data, fast access, and quick central summaries: While distributed processing could work here, a centralized system with efficient data pipelines and aggregation processes might handle the small volumes effectively.
D. Small volumes of data centrally, fast access, and monthly summaries: Similar to option B, the small volume and monthly need for summaries suggest a centralized system could handle this efficiently without the complexity of distribution.
A distributed processing environment shines when dealing with large amounts of data spread across multiple locations and requiring fast access. This allows for parallel processing, reduces network traffic, and improves overall responsiveness. Therefore, option A presents the most compelling scenario for utilizing a distributed processing environment.

A distributed processing environment generally benefits large volumes of data more than small volumes. However, it’s not just about the sheer size, but also the distribution and access requirements:

Large volumes of data:

When you have massive datasets spread across multiple locations, distributing the processing power and storage closer to the data can significantly improve:
Performance: Parallel processing across multiple nodes speeds up calculations and data manipulation.
Scalability: Adding more nodes easily scales the system to handle even larger datasets in the future.
Fault tolerance: If one node fails, others can still function, minimizing downtime and data loss.
Reduced network traffic: Processing data locally avoids sending large volumes across the network, improving efficiency and lowering bandwidth costs.
Small volumes of data:

For small datasets, a centralized system can often handle processing efficiently without the overhead of distributed infrastructure.
However, if the small data originates from geographically dispersed locations and requires fast access or real-time processing, a distributed approach could still be beneficial for faster response times and lower latency.
Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to use a distributed processing environment depends on the specific needs of your situation. Consider factors like:

Volume and distribution of data: Large and geographically dispersed data favors distributed processing.
Access requirements: If fast response times are crucial, distribution can be helpful.
Processing complexity: Complex calculations might benefit from parallel processing in a distributed environment.
Cost and complexity: Setting up and maintaining a distributed system adds complexity and cost, so weigh these against the expected benefits.

Question201 1B Data Management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A local area network (LAN) is

A A system that connects computers and other devices in a limited physical area
B A system that rents time on a central computer to several entities, with each entity having remote input and output devices
C Facilitates meetings among several people at different physical locations
D Facilitates working outside of a traditional office, remaining connected by the Internet, phone, etc.

A

A system that connects computers and other devices in a limited physical area

A LAN is a system that connects computers and other devices in a limited physical area, typically within the same building. A time-sharing center rents time on a central computer to several entities, with each entity having remote input and output devices. To each entity, it seems as if it is the only one using the system. A meeting among several people at different physical locations facilitated by electronics is a teleconference. Working outside of a traditional office, but remaining connected by the Internet, phone, etc., is called telecom­muting.

A local area network (LAN) is a network of interconnected computers and devices within a limited physical area, such as a single building, office, or campus. LANs are designed to facilitate communication and data sharing among devices in close proximity to each other. Option A accurately describes what a LAN is.

Here’s why the other options are incorrect:

B. This describes a time-sharing system, not a LAN. Time-sharing allows multiple users to access a central computer remotely via terminals, which is a different network model than a LAN where devices are directly connected and share resources within a specific area.
C. This describes video conferencing or similar technologies, not a LAN. While video conferencing might utilize a LAN or the internet for connectivity, its primary function is facilitating meetings, not network connectivity itself.
D. This describes remote work or distributed teams, not a LAN. While a LAN can enable such setups by providing network access to employees outside the office, its core function is connecting devices within a limited physical location, regardless of work style.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A manufacturing company that wanted to be able to place material orders more efficiently most likely would utilize which of the following?

A Electronic check presentment
B Electronic data interchange
C Automated clearinghouse
D Electronic funds transfer

A

Electronic data interchange

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a method of conducting routine business transactions, typically involving placing and fulfilling orders as well as payments. Clearinghouses typically process checks and other payments, not orders. Check presentment and electronic funds transfers are involved with payments, not placing orders.

ChatGPT
A manufacturing company that aims to place material orders more efficiently would most likely utilize “B. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)”. EDI is a system that allows the exchange of business documents and data across different companies using a standardized electronic format. This is highly beneficial for manufacturing companies as it streamlines the process of ordering materials, reduces paperwork, minimizes errors, and speeds up the entire transaction process. EDI can include purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and other standard business documents, making it ideal for a manufacturing company’s supply chain and order management needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A research-based firm in the medical field could use each of the following Internet-based tools for col­laboration, except

A An e-mail application
B Videoconferencing
C Groupware systems
D Electronic data interchange

A

Electronic data interchange
Collaborative computing applications are programs that allow several people to have access to the same information, and is designed to allow several people to work on a single project. E-mail consists of electronic messages, typically delivered through the Internet. The messages may have attached files, including documents and programs. Videoconferencing is a form of real-time meeting over the internet.

Groupware systems are programs designed to allow several people to work on a single project. Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a means of electronic communication between entities, not people. EDI typically involves automatic monitoring of inventory levels and sales orders (by the business customer’s system), purchase order placement and fulfillment, and payment. It is not designed as a tool for collaboration.

While all the listed tools offer potential for collaboration in a research-based medical firm, one option doesn’t align well with the typical needs of such a firm:

D. Electronic data interchange (EDI)

Here’s why:

E-mail, videoconferencing, and groupware systems: These tools are widely used in research to facilitate communication, share ideas, and work on projects collaboratively. They enable researchers to discuss findings, share data visualizations, and conduct remote meetings and presentations.
EDI: While technically an internet-based tool, EDI focuses on the automated exchange of structured business data in standardized formats. Its primary purpose is to streamline business processes like purchase orders, invoices, and inventory management, making it less relevant for typical research collaboration activities.
In the context of a research-based medical firm, the emphasis is on sharing knowledge, discussing findings, and conducting joint research projects. While sharing structured data might be involved, it wouldn’t usually necessitate the automated data exchange functionalities of EDI.

Therefore, electronic data interchange is the least suitable option for collaboration in a research-based medical firm compared to the other tools listed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A value-added network (VAN) is a privately owned network that performs which of the following functions?

A Route data transactions between trading partners
B Route data within a company’s multiple networks
C Provide additional accuracy for data transmissions
D Provide services to send marketing data to customers

A

Route data transactions between trading partners

A value-added network (VAN) provides additional services beyond mere connections to the Internet, particularly services enabling EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) to route communications and data transactions between entities such as trading partners. A router is a switch that transfers incoming messages to outgoing links via the most efficient route possible—for example, over the Internet. Transmission protocols provide addi­tional accuracy for data transmissions. An extranet likely would be used to send marketing data to customers. Note: The editors do not expect similar questions on future exams.

The primary function of a value-added network (VAN) is:

A. Route data transactions between trading partners.

Here’s why the other options are less accurate:

B. Route data within a company’s multiple networks: While some VANs might offer internal data routing services as an additional feature, their core functionality lies in facilitating intercompany data exchange.
C. Provide additional accuracy for data transmissions: While VANs can help improve data accuracy through features like data validation and error checking, this isn’t their primary function. They primarily focus on secure and reliable transmission between different entities.
D. Provide services to send marketing data to customers: While some VANs may offer marketing data distribution services as an ancillary function, it’s not their core purpose. Their core value lies in facilitating secure and standardized business-to-business data exchange.
Therefore, considering the key role of connecting and routing data transactions between companies through a secure and reliable network, routing data transactions between trading partners emerges as the most accurate description of a VAN’s primary function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

I. II.

An organization, in a bid to expand, has set up operations in 10 cities across the country and plans to implement a cloud system for sharing information among the different locations. However, it was noticed after a month of implementation that:

i. A few of the personnel were not trained for the adoption of cloud technology, leading to wrong reports
ii. Security controls were discovered to be too weak due to the absence of proper firewalls
How would you categorize these risks?

A Strategic Risk Information Risk
B Operational Risk Strategic Risk
C Operational Risk Information Risk
D Information Risk Operational Risk

A

Operational Risk Information Risk

When organizations implement incorrect technology due to a mistake, it is called a strategic risk. However, when the correct technology is adapted but is implemented incorrectly, this is termed as an operational risk. Any risk of data loss, risk to data integrity, or vulnerability is labeled as information risk.

A few of the personnel were not trained for the adoption of cloud technology, leading to wrong reports: It is clear that there was a fault in the implementation process and as such it qualifies as an operational risk.
Security controls were discovered to be too weak due to the absence of proper firewalls: This loophole can very well lead to the loss of data and is as such is an information risk.

The correct categorization of the risks would be:

I.        II. C.  Operational Risk  Information Risk

Here’s why:

I. Lack of training: This falls under operational risk, as it relates to the day-to-day execution of processes and the potential for them to fail due to human error or inadequacy. It’s not a strategic risk, as it doesn’t threaten the organization’s overall business model or long-term goals.
II. Weak security controls: This is an information risk because it directly impacts the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets. Weak firewalls could lead to data breaches, unauthorized access, or disruptions to information systems. It’s not an operational risk because it doesn’t affect the overall operational processes or efficiency, but specifically focuses on information security.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Artificial intelligence uses machine language, as opposed to human intelligence, to mimic functions. Examples of artificial intelligence include:

A Visual perception, speech recognition, and language translation.
B Customer order tracking, back-end processing, and transfer of data.
C Microsoft Excel & Microsoft Word.
D Laptops, cars, and airplanes.

A

Visual perception, speech recognition, and language translation.

The rest of the answers describe automation.

Define artificial intelligence.
ChatGPT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines or computer systems. It involves creating algorithms and computer programs that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI systems are designed to mimic human cognitive functions such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. Key characteristics of AI include:

Learning: AI systems can learn from data and experiences, improving their performance over time. This is often achieved through machine learning techniques.

Reasoning: AI systems can use logical rules and algorithms to make decisions or draw conclusions based on available information.

Problem-Solving: AI can be used to solve complex problems, optimize processes, and make predictions.

Perception: AI can interpret and understand data from various sources, including visual and audio inputs, to make sense of the world.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems can understand, interpret, and generate human language, enabling communication and interaction with humans in a more natural way.

Automation: AI can automate repetitive tasks and processes, reducing the need for human intervention in various domains.

AI can be categorized into two main types:

Narrow or Weak AI: This type of AI is designed for specific tasks and is limited in its capabilities. It excels at performing well-defined tasks but lacks general intelligence. Examples include virtual assistants like Siri and chatbots.

General or Strong AI: This is a hypothetical form of AI that possesses human-like intelligence and can perform a wide range of tasks and understand context in the same way humans do. General AI has not been achieved yet and remains a topic of ongoing research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cloud computing can best be defined as a model that

A Streamlines business processes onto a well-secured and highly available in-house e-commerce platform to optimize customer’s online experience
B Is designed for rapid application deployment by making several virtual servers run on one physical host
C Allows users to access network resources from remote locations through a virtual private network
D Allows organizations to use the Internet to access and use services and applications that run on remote third-party technology infrastructure

A

Allows organizations to use the Internet to access and use services and applications that run on remote third-party technology infrastructure
The correct answer is (D).

Cloud computing allows organizations to use the Internet to access and use services and applications that run on remote third-party technology infrastructure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cloud has completely changed the how technology is managed. Cloud relies on ____, is _____, and leads to ________.
A Third parties, self-sustaining, economies of scale.
B Sharing of resources, very secure, economies of scale.
C On-site management, very secure, efficient data storage.
D The Internet, very secure, more IT resources.

A

Sharing of resources, very secure, economies of scale.

Cloud relies on sharing of resources, is very secure, and leads to economies of scale. Cloud is not self-sustaining and requires managed resources. Cloud is not executed on-site, but rather online via third parties. Cloud leads to fewer not more IT resources.

Is the internet and the cloud the same thing?
ChatGPT
No, the internet and the cloud are not the same thing, although they are related and often used together in modern technology.

Internet: The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate with each other using standardized protocols. It is the infrastructure that allows data to be transmitted and accessed worldwide. The internet is the foundation for various services and applications, including email, web browsing, online gaming, and more. It existed before cloud computing and is essentially the network that connects devices and systems together.

Cloud Computing: Cloud computing, on the other hand, is a specific technology and service delivery model that utilizes the internet to provide access to computing resources and services. It involves the delivery of computing services, such as servers, storage, databases, software, and more, over the internet. Cloud computing allows users to access and use these resources on a pay-as-you-go basis, typically hosted and managed by third-party providers. So, the cloud relies on the internet as its underlying infrastructure for data transmission, but it is a distinct concept focused on providing scalable and on-demand computing resources.

In summary, while the internet is the global network that connects devices and systems, cloud computing is a way of delivering computing services and resources over the internet. The cloud is built on top of the internet but serves a specific purpose related to IT service delivery.

Cloud computing relies upon sharing resources. It involves the sharing of computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, over the internet to deliver various services and applications to users and organizations. This sharing of resources allows for flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in the delivery of IT services.

Question 135

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of payment within blockchain. Which statement about cryptocurrencies is NOT true?

A The most popular cryptocurrency is bitcoin
B Cryptocurrency transactions are chronological.
C Cryptocurrencies are treated like cash and can be bought on the stock exchange.
D There is no trace or connection between one transaction to another.

A

Cryptocurrencies are treated like cash and can be bought on the stock exchange

Cryptocurrencies are not the same as cash and cannot be bought on the stock exchange. Cryptocurrencies have their exchange platform. All other statements are true.

Can cryptocurrency be purchased on the stock exchange?
ChatGPT
Cryptocurrency itself is not purchased on traditional stock exchanges. Cryptocurrencies are typically bought and sold on specialized cryptocurrency exchanges, not on stock exchanges. Some well-known cryptocurrency exchanges include Coinbase, Binance, Kraken, and Bitstamp, among others. These platforms allow users to trade various cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many others.

Stock exchanges, on the other hand, deal with traditional financial securities such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives. Cryptocurrencies are considered a separate asset class and are not part of the offerings on traditional stock exchanges.

However, it’s worth noting that there are financial products on stock exchanges that are related to cryptocurrencies indirectly. For example, some exchange-traded products (ETPs) and investment trusts are traded on stock exchanges that track the performance of cryptocurrencies or invest in cryptocurrency-related assets. These products provide exposure to cryptocurrencies without directly owning the digital assets themselves.

So, while you can’t purchase cryptocurrencies themselves on stock exchanges, you may find investment vehicles related to cryptocurrencies available for trading on certain stock exchanges.

ChatGPT
Cryptocurrency transactions are typically recorded in a chronological order within the blockchain, which is the underlying technology that powers most cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. The blockchain is a decentralized and distributed ledger that records all transactions made with the cryptocurrency.

Each new transaction is added to a block, and these blocks are linked together in a chronological order, forming a chain of blocks, hence the name “blockchain.” This chronological order ensures that every transaction is time-stamped and can be traced back to its origin.

Here’s how the chronological aspect works in cryptocurrency transactions:

Transaction Order: When a cryptocurrency transaction occurs, it is broadcast to the network and included in a pool of unconfirmed transactions.

Confirmation: Miners on the network collect these transactions, validate them for accuracy, and compete to add them to a new block. The first miner to successfully add a block of transactions to the blockchain gets a reward (in the form of cryptocurrency) and confirms the transactions.

Block Addition: Once confirmed, the block containing the transaction is added to the blockchain. Blocks are linked together in a sequential order, with each block containing a reference (hash) to the previous block, creating a chronological chain.

Immutable: Once a block is added to the blockchain, it becomes extremely difficult to alter or delete the transaction records because doing so would require changing the data in all subsequent blocks, which would require an impractical amount of computational power.

So, in essence, cryptocurrency transactions are recorded in chronological order within the blockchain, ensuring a transparent and tamper-proof ledger of all transactions made with that cryptocurrency. This chronological order is a fundamental feature of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Engaging in traditional electronic data interchange (EDI) provides which of the following benefits?

A Enhanced audit trails
B Guaranteed payments from customers
C Added flexibility to entice new partners
D Reduced likelihood of out-of-stock inventory

A

Reduced likelihood of out-of-stock inventory

EDI is electronic communication system which allows businesses (called trading partners) to ex¬change data. One important advantage of EDI over paper documents is the speed in which the trading partner receives and incorporates the information into their system thus greatly reducing cycle times.

EDI is often used to monitor inventory levels and trigger automatically restocking. Audit trails tend to be reduced in electronic systems; EDI cannot guarantee that a customer will pay; and EDI does not add flexibility since it requires all partners to use the same system.

While each option offers potential benefits of traditional EDI, only one is the most direct and characteristic advantage:

D. Reduced likelihood of out-of-stock inventory.

Here’s why:

-Traditional EDI primarily focuses on streamlining business processes, particularly in supply chain management.
-It facilitates the automated exchange of inventory data between trading partners, including purchase orders, delivery schedules, and shipment updates.
-This real-time information allows businesses to better forecast demand and optimize inventory levels, leading to:
Reduced risk of running out of stock: With accurate and timely data, businesses can anticipate demand and ensure product availability.
Improved order fulfillment: Faster information exchange facilitates efficient order processing and timely delivery.
-While the other options might be tangentially related to EDI:
A. Enhanced audit trails: While EDI can improve data traceability, this isn’t its primary benefit.
B. Guaranteed payments from customers: EDI doesn’t directly guarantee payments, but it can expedite invoicing and payment processing.
C. Added flexibility to entice new partners: EDI might simplify integration with new partners, but its core benefit lies in efficient data exchange.

Therefore, considering the nature of traditional EDI and its role in supply chain management, reducing the likelihood of out-of-stock inventory is the most significant benefit it offers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of SaaS cloud services include:

A Google Apps, DropBox, and Salesforce.
B Windows Azure and Heroku.
C Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.
D Google Loud and Workpay

A

Google Apps, DropBox, and Salesforce.

(a)These are popular SaaS products on the market. (b)These are PaaS products. (c)These are IaaS products. (d)These are not real terms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In a large multinational organization, which of the following job responsibilities should be assigned to the network administrator?
A Managing remote access
B Developing application programs
C Reviewing security policy
D Installing operating system upgrades

A

Managing remote access

The network administrator is responsible for maintaining the efficiency and effectiveness of the internal network including managing remote access. Application programmers develop application programs. The control group reviews security policy. System programmers install operating system upgrades.

Network administrators are typically responsible for managing remote access solutions, such as VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) and remote access servers. This includes configuring, maintaining, and ensuring the security of remote access connections to the organization’s network.

The other options are not typically within the scope of network administrator responsibilities:

B Developing application programs: Application development is usually the responsibility of software developers or programmers, not network administrators.

C Reviewing security policy: Reviewing and formulating security policies and procedures is typically the role of a security specialist or a chief information security officer (CISO).

D Installing operating system upgrades: Installing and managing operating system upgrades is typically handled by system administrators or IT support personnel who focus on server and desktop management.

Here’s why the other options are less likely to be part of a network administrator’s primary responsibilities in this context:

B. Developing application programs: Programming is typically handled by a separate development team specializing in building and maintaining software applications. While network administrators might have some basic scripting skills for automation purposes, developing full-fledged programs wouldn’t be their core responsibility.
C. Reviewing security policy: While network administrators should understand and implement security policies, reviewing and revising the actual policy document is often entrusted to security specialists or IT leadership who have a broader organizational perspective.
D. Installing operating system upgrades: In large organizations, IT departments often have dedicated teams or automation procedures for system updates. Network administrators might contribute to this process by ensuring network connectivity and compatibility during the upgrade, but wouldn’t necessarily handle the entire installation process.
Managing remote access, however, aligns closely with a network administrator’s expertise in network infrastructure, user permissions, and secure connections. In a geographically dispersed organization, ensuring authorized and secure access for remote employees across different locations, devices, and networks falls under the purview of network administrators.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In an effort to recognize improvement opportunities, a company is reviewing its in-house systems. The best reason for the company to consider switching to cloud computing as a solution is that it

A Is the best way to secure sensitive corporate information
B Is accessible only from within the company on its Intranet
C Usually has a lower upfront cost for equipment and maintenance
D Provides better program modification options

A

Usually has a lower upfront cost for equipment and maintenance

Cloud computing is an improvement to the old way of running information systems and in that it usually has lower upfront costs for equipment maintenance. Capital expenditures are much lower for cloud computing.

(A) is incorrect because cloud computing is not the best way to secure sensitive information.

(B) is incorrect because cloud information is available on the internet and not on the company’s intranet, which is internal.

(D) is incorrect because cloud computing uses standard software

ChatGPT and BARD:

A key advantage of cloud computing is its cost-effectiveness compared to traditional on-premise systems. Companies don’t need to invest in expensive hardware, software licenses, and IT staff for maintenance. Instead, cloud services offer a pay-as-you-go model, charging for the resources used, leading to:

Lower upfront costs: No need for large initial investments in infrastructure and software.
Reduced ongoing costs: Cloud providers handle maintenance, updates, and backups, minimizing internal IT expenses.
Scalability: Flexibility to adjust resources up or down based on current needs, avoiding overspending on unused capacity.

Cloud computing often eliminates the need for significant upfront hardware and infrastructure investments, reducing equipment costs and maintenance expenses. This can make it a cost-effective solution for many businesses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In building an electronic data interchange (EDI) system, what process is used to determine which elements in the entity’s computer system correspond to standard data elements?

A Mapping
B Translation
C Encryption
D Decoding

A

Mapping

Mapping converts data between EDI applications and a standard EDI form. Translation changes representations between a standard EDI form and an encoded EDI form. Encryption scrambles files and communications to prevent unauthorized use. Decoding means converting data back to its original form.

CHATGPT4:
Explain the process in EDI to determine which elements in the entity’s computer system correspond to standard data elements.
ChatGPT
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a standardized method for exchanging business documents, such as invoices, purchase orders, and shipping notices, electronically between different organizations’ computer systems. The process of determining which elements in an entity’s computer system correspond to standard data elements in EDI involves several steps:

Data Analysis:

The first step is to analyze the entity’s existing computer system and identify the data elements that are currently used in their business processes. These data elements could include customer information, product codes, pricing, and more.
Mapping Requirements:

Next, the entity needs to determine which of these data elements need to be exchanged with external partners using EDI. This involves defining the specific business documents (e.g., purchase orders, invoices) that will be sent or received electronically.
EDI Standards Research:

The entity then researches the relevant EDI standards that are commonly used in their industry or by their trading partners. The most widely adopted EDI standards are ANSI X12 in the United States and EDIFACT internationally.
Data Element Mapping:

With the knowledge of the selected EDI standards, the entity maps its internal data elements to the corresponding standard data elements defined within the chosen EDI standard. This mapping process involves matching the entity’s data fields with the EDI standard’s data segments and elements.
Translation and Transformation:

Once the mapping is complete, the entity may need to implement translation and transformation logic within their EDI software or system. This logic ensures that data is properly formatted according to the EDI standard and can be seamlessly exchanged with trading partners.
Testing and Validation:

Before implementing EDI in a production environment, thorough testing is essential. The entity should test the EDI data exchange with its trading partners to ensure that the mapped data elements are correctly transmitted and received. Validation processes should be in place to catch any discrepancies.
Compliance and Certification:

In some industries, there may be compliance requirements or certification processes that organizations must adhere to when implementing EDI. Ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulations is crucial.
Ongoing Maintenance:

EDI systems and mappings may require updates over time due to changes in business requirements, trading partner requests, or updates to EDI standards. Ongoing maintenance is necessary to keep the system running smoothly.
Documentation:

It’s essential to maintain comprehensive documentation of the data element mappings, transformation rules, and EDI processes to facilitate troubleshooting and future updates.
Monitoring and Support:

After implementation, organizations should establish monitoring and support mechanisms to address any issues that may arise during EDI data exchange.
By following these steps, an entity can effectively determine which elements in their computer system correspond to standard data elements in EDI and establish a seamless electronic data interchange process with their trading partners.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Jones, an auditor for Farmington Co. noted that Acme employees were using computers connected to Acme’s network by wireless technology. On Jones’ next visit to Acme, Jones brought one of Farmington’s laptop computers with a wireless network card. When Jones started the laptop to begin work, Jones noticed that the laptop could view several computers on Acme’s network and Jones had access to Acme’s network files.

Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation?

A Acme’s router was improperly configured.
B Farmington’s computer had the same administrator password as the server.
C Jones had been given root account access on Acme’s computer.
D Acme was not using security on the network.

A

Acme was not using security on the network.
That Jones notices that Acme’s network files are available without entering a password provided by Acme indicates that Acme is not using security on the network. The scenario implies that Jones did not make an effort directed to testing the security of, or accessing files on, the client’s system, but became aware of this access during tasks that did not require such access.

A router is a switch that transfers messages; this function seems to be working only too well on Acme’s system. For the laptop and Acme’s server to have the same password is an unusual (i.e., unlikely) coincidence or both are set to the default password. Changing default passwords is an elementary security step. Appropriate security implies that those with access are aware of such access, so they may restrict it from unauthorized users.

If Acme’s network had no security measures in place, such as encryption, access control, or authentication mechanisms, it would be vulnerable to unauthorized access from any device within the network’s range. This includes devices like Farmington’s laptop with a wireless network card, which could easily connect to the unsecured network and access resources without the need for proper authentication or authorization. This is a significant security oversight and a common cause of unauthorized access incidents in network environments.

Here’s why the other options are less likely:

A. Acme’s router was improperly configured: While misconfiguration could be a possibility, it’s less likely than a complete absence of security. An improperly configured router might allow unauthorized access from specific locations or devices, but wouldn’t necessarily grant unrestricted access to anyone with a wireless-enabled computer, as Jones experienced.
B. Farmington’s computer had the same administrator password as the server: This possibility relies on a coincidental match in passwords, which is statistically less probable than the lack of any password protection.
C. Jones had been given root account access on Acme’s computer: This would require someone at Acme deliberately granting Jones such high-level access, which seems unlikely without prior agreements or justification.
The fact that Jones could simply connect to the network and access files suggests the most straightforward explanation: there were no security measures like password protection or encryption in place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lightning E-Retailing maintains a virtual inventory. When a customer orders an item, the system contacts the firm’s suppliers, who then deliver the goods required to Lightning the next day. This practice is facilitated most by which of the following technologies?

A Electronic funds transfer.
B Electronic data interchange.
C Client-server.
D Wide area network.

A

Electronic data interchange.

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is electronic communication among entities such as financial institutions and customer-vendor partners typically involving order placement, invoicing, and payment and may involve inventory monitoring and automatic restocking. EDI typically involves automatic monitoring of inventory levels, sales orders, purchase order placement, fulfillment, and payment. EDI is a back-end transaction process.

As such, the practice of automatic order placement based on customer requests is most likely facilitated by Electronic Data Interchan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Many entities use the Internet as a network to transmit electronic data interchange (EDI) transactions. An advantage of using the Internet for electronic commerce rather than a traditional value-added network (VAN) is that the Internet
A Permits EDI transactions to be sent to trading partners as transactions occur
B Automatically batches EDI transactions to multiple trading partners
C Possesses superior characteristics regarding disaster recovery
D Converts EDI transactions to a standard format without translation software

A

Permits EDI transactions to be sent to trading partners as transactions occur

The Internet is a no-frills option, but it does offer immediacy. VANs can offer services to customers such as batching EDI transactions, providing disaster recovery services, and converting EDI transactions to and from a standard format.

ChatGPT
The correct answer is A: “Permits EDI transactions to be sent to trading partners as transactions occur.”

Using the Internet for electronic commerce, particularly for transmitting EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) transactions, offers several advantages compared to traditional value-added networks (VANs). The most notable of these is the ability to send EDI transactions to trading partners in real-time or as transactions occur. This real-time transmission facilitates faster and more efficient business processes, allowing companies to react and adapt quickly to market changes, inventory needs, and customer demands.

Let’s look at the other options for clarity:

B. “Automatically batches EDI transactions to multiple trading partners” - While the Internet can be used to batch transactions, this is not a unique or defining feature compared to VANs. Both the Internet and VANs can handle batch processing of transactions.

C. “Possesses superior characteristics regarding disaster recovery” - While the Internet offers robustness due to its decentralized nature, claiming it has inherently superior disaster recovery characteristics compared to VANs might be too broad a statement. Disaster recovery capabilities can vary widely depending on the specific infrastructure and services used in both the Internet and VAN setups.

D. “Converts EDI transactions to a standard format without translation software” - Conversion of EDI transactions to a standard format typically requires translation software or services. The Internet itself doesn’t provide this functionality; rather, it’s the software or service layers built on top of the Internet that handle such conversions.

Therefore, option A is the best answer, emphasizing the real-time transmission capabilities of the Internet for EDI transactions.

BARD
Here’s why the other options are less accurate:

B. Automatically batches EDI transactions to multiple trading partners: While some internet-based EDI solutions might offer batching features, it’s not an inherent advantage over VANs, which can also handle batching and scheduling of transactions.
C. Possesses superior characteristics regarding disaster recovery: Both internet and VAN-based EDI can implement robust disaster recovery plans and infrastructure. The specific effectiveness depends on the implementation of each system, not inherently on the network used.
D. Converts EDI transactions to a standard format without translation software: Both internet and VAN-based EDI require translation software to convert internal data formats into standard EDI formats like EDIFACT or ANSI ASC X12. The internet itself doesn’t offer any automatic conversion functionalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most client/server applications operate on a three-tiered architecture consisting of which of the following layers?

A Desktop client, application, and database
B Desktop client, software, and hardware
C Desktop server, application, and database
D Desktop server, software, and hardware

A

Desktop client, application, and database

Client-server architecture generally separates the client (usually a graphical user interface) from the server (heavyduty computing).

Each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server. Server software commonly runs on powerful computers dedicated for that application. Client software typically runs on desktop computers. In three-tier architecture, application servers store data on yet a third computer, known as a database server.

Most client/server applications operate on a three-tiered architecture consisting of the following layers:

A Desktop client, application, and database

In this architecture, the client (often a desktop or user device) interacts with the application logic layer (middle tier) that communicates with the database tier to retrieve or manipulate data. This three-tiered model separates the user interface (client), application functionality (middle tier), and data storage (database) for modularity and scalability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

One of primary benefits of machine learning (ML) is that:

A It can replicate tasks that humans normally perform.
B It uses deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers between the input and output of a process.
C That it learns and improves on its own.
D It is code-based, and the programs are hard-coded into the system.

A

*That it learns and improves on its own.

One of the primary benefits of machine learning is that it “learns’ and “improves” on its own. Machine learning is not code-based, and does not need require programming to learn and improve. Deep neural networks are used by deep learning, and tasks that replicate humans behavior are possible through automation.

What is machine learning?
ChatGPT
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) focused on building systems that learn from and make decisions or predictions based on data. It involves the development of algorithms that can analyze and learn from data, and then apply what they’ve learned to make informed decisions.

Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of machine learning:

Data-Driven: Machine learning relies heavily on data. It uses large amounts of data to “train” algorithms. The quality and quantity of the data can significantly affect the performance of the learning process.

Algorithms: These are the methods or processes used in machine learning to analyze data, learn from it, and make predictions or decisions. Common algorithms include neural networks, decision trees, support vector machines, and many others.

Learning: There are several types of learning methods in machine learning, including:

Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, which means it learns from data that already contains the answers. It’s like learning with a teacher who provides example inputs and outputs.
Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm is used on data without explicit instructions, meaning it finds patterns and relationships in the data on its own.
Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns by trial and error, using feedback from its own actions and experiences to improve performance.
Applications: Machine learning is used in a wide range of applications, including voice recognition, recommendation systems (like those on streaming or shopping platforms), medical diagnosis, financial modeling, and much more.

Continuous Improvement: A key feature of machine learning is the ability of models to improve their performance over time as they are exposed to more data.

Machine learning represents a significant shift in the way computers are used. Instead of programming computers to perform specific tasks with explicit instructions, machine learning enables computers to use data to learn and make decisions or predictions themselves. This capability has led to significant advancements in technology and how we interact with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

One of the driving factors in enabling artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation is:
A Hard-coded programs.
B Human interactions.
C Use of algorithms.
D Use of physical assets with software.

A

Use of algorithms.

Use of algorithms is a primary factor in enabling technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation. Algorithms are a set of rules to be followed when solving problems, creating patterns, performing calculations, and developing behavioral processes. The use of algorithms makes information systems intelligent and self-sustaining.

What has helped AI to flourish?
ChatGPT
Several factors have contributed to the flourishing of AI (Artificial Intelligence) in recent years. These factors have collectively fueled advancements in AI research, development, and applications. Some key contributors to the success of AI include:

Increased Computing Power: The availability of powerful and cost-effective hardware, including GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) and TPUs (Tensor Processing Units), has accelerated AI research and allowed for more complex and computationally intensive neural network training.

Big Data: The proliferation of data generated by various sources, including sensors, social media, and the internet, has provided AI systems with vast amounts of data for training and improving their performance. Big data enables AI models to learn and generalize from diverse datasets.

Advanced Algorithms: Developments in AI algorithms, including deep learning techniques, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing (NLP), have significantly improved AI capabilities, enabling tasks such as image recognition, language translation, and speech synthesis.

Open-Source Frameworks and Libraries: The availability of open-source AI frameworks and libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and scikit-learn has lowered the barrier to entry for AI development and encouraged collaboration within the AI community.

Cloud Computing: Cloud platforms, offered by companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud, provide scalable infrastructure and AI services that make it easier for organizations to deploy AI solutions without heavy upfront investments.

Increased Investment: Governments, research institutions, and private companies have increased their investments in AI research and development. This funding has led to breakthroughs in AI technologies and applications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The computer operating system performs scheduling, resource allocation, and data retrieval functions based on a set of instructions provided by the
A Multiplexer
B Peripheral processors
C Concentrator
D Job control language

A

Job control language

Job Control Language (JCL) is a scripting language used on mainframe computer systems to control and manage batch processing jobs. Mainframes are large and powerful computers often used by large organizations for processing and managing large volumes of data and complex transactions. JCL is essential for specifying and controlling the execution of batch jobs on these systems.

Key aspects of Job Control Language (JCL) include:

Job Definition: JCL defines a job, which is a unit of work that consists of one or more tasks or steps. Each job is assigned a unique job name or identifier.

Job Control Statements: JCL consists of a series of job control statements that provide instructions to the operating system and job scheduler. These statements specify various aspects of the job, such as input and output files, program execution, system resources, and job dependencies.

Program Execution: JCL includes statements to specify the programs or applications to be executed as part of the job. These programs are often written in languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, or assembler.

Input and Output Files: JCL defines the input files required for the job and the output files where results will be written. It specifies the data sets to be processed and where the results should be stored.

Resource Allocation: JCL can allocate and manage system resources, such as CPU time, memory, and peripheral devices, for the job.

Job control language (JCL) is a command language that launches applications, specifying priorities, program sizes, running sequences, databases used, and files used. The term “peripheral processors” is not widely used. A concentrator combines multiple communication channels into one. A multiplexer (or multiplexor) is a device for communications that converts several low-speed transmissions into one high-speed transmission and back again. A concentrator differs from a multiplexer in that the total bandwidth of a concentrators’ inputs don’t necessarily equal the total bandwidth of its outputs. A concentrator temporarily stores data to compensate for this imbalance.

Question 228 1A i IT Infrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The most popular type of cloud service provided is one where a client’s applications run on a hosted Web-server, is URL-based, and most services including security are managed by a third party. This cloud service is known as:

A Platform as a Service (PaaS)
B Software as a Service (SaaS)
C Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
D Google as a Service (GaaS)

A

Software as a Service

(SaaS)Software as a service is the correct answer. PaaS provides a platform on which client applications are built, utilizing underlying infrastructure managed by a third party. IaaS provides a solid infrastructure to a build a platform on and provide cloud services. IaaS includes storage, networks, and baseline computing resources.

The cloud service you described is most likely:

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Here’s why:

Client applications run on a hosted web-server: In SaaS, your applications and data reside on the cloud provider’s servers, not on your own computers. You access them through a web browser or mobile app.
URL-based: You access SaaS applications through web addresses (URLs), making them accessible from any device with an internet connection.
Most services including security are managed by a third party: The cloud provider takes care of the infrastructure, software maintenance, security updates, and backups, eliminating the need for you to manage these aspects yourself.
Other types of cloud services don’t fully match your description:

Platform as a Service (PaaS): While PaaS also involves hosted web servers and third-party managed services, it focuses on providing a platform for developers to build their own applications. You wouldn’t directly run your existing applications on a PaaS platform.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides you with virtualized infrastructure like servers, storage, and networks on demand. You have more control over this infrastructure than with SaaS, but you’re also responsible for managing it yourself, including security.

Examples:

PaaS: Examples of PaaS providers include Microsoft Azure App Service and Google App Engine, which offer platforms for building and deploying web and mobile applications.
SaaS: Examples of SaaS applications include Salesforce (CRM), Microsoft Office 365 (productivity suite), and Dropbox (file storage and sharing).

Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are two different categories of cloud computing services, each with its own characteristics and use cases. Here are the key differences between them:

Scope of Service:

PaaS: PaaS provides a platform and environment for developers to build, deploy, and manage their own applications. It includes tools and services for developing and hosting applications.
SaaS: SaaS delivers fully functional software applications over the internet to end-users. Users access and use the software without worrying about infrastructure or development.
User Responsibility:

PaaS: In PaaS, the client is responsible for developing and managing their applications, while the cloud provider manages the underlying infrastructure, including servers, storage, and networking.
SaaS: In SaaS, the cloud provider takes care of everything, including application development, maintenance, updates, and infrastructure management. Users simply use the software as a service.
Use Cases:

PaaS: PaaS is typically used by developers and organizations that want to build, test, and deploy custom applications. It provides flexibility for creating and managing software.
SaaS: SaaS is designed for end-users who need access to specific software applications without the need for development or customization. It’s commonly used for applications like email, CRM, or collaboration tools.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The part of the central processing unit that stores data and programs temporarily during processing is the

A Floppy disk memory
B Operating system
C Random-access memory (RAM)
D Read-only memory (ROM)

A

Random-access memory (RAM)

The central processing unit (CPU) is the component that manipulates data. Data is stored in RAM (within the CPU) during processing. Files may be saved on a floppy disk after CPU processing is finished; a floppy disk is not required for CPU processing. An operating system is software, not hardware. ROM would not function as temporary storage because it is read-only; temporary storage must be rewritten frequently. ROM is used for permanent storage of essential programs.

26
Q

The primary differences/similarities between cloud vs an on-site hosted ERP is:

A ERP and cloud decreased the need for large data centers and significantly reduced the need for physical equipment.
B ERP and cloud significantly lowered capital expenditures and increased operating expenses.
C Cloud is much more expensive than ERP technology, and requires more resources within the organization.
D Cloud is hosted on a vendor’s (third party) servers and accessed via the Web. ERP is installed locally utilizing a company’s own computers and servers.

A

Cloud is hosted on a vendor’s (third party) servers and accessed via the Web. ERP is installed locally utilizing a company’s own computers and servers.

ERP didn’t necessarily decrease the need for large data centers and did not reduce the amount of physical equipment. The primary purpose for ERP was to create a unified, centralized information system for shared resources. ERP also did not significantly lower capital expenditures. Cloud is actually cheaper than ERP.

The correct answer is: D. Cloud is hosted on a vendor’s (third party) servers and accessed via the Web. ERP is installed locally utilizing a company’s own computers and servers.

Here’s why the other options are incorrect:

A: While ERP and cloud can reduce the need for data centers and physical equipment, this isn’t the primary difference between them. The location of the software is the key distinction.
B: This statement is partially true, but it applies more to the difference between on-premise ERP and cloud ERP. Cloud ERP typically has lower upfront costs but higher ongoing subscription fees, compared to the large upfront costs of on-premise ERP.
C: This is completely incorrect. Cloud ERP is often seen as a more cost-effective option than on-premise ERP, and it generally requires less internal IT resources because the vendor manages the infrastructure.

What is an on-site hosted ERP?
ChatGPT
An “on-site hosted ERP” typically refers to an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system that is installed and hosted on the company’s own premises or data centers. In other words, it is an on-premises ERP system.

Here are some key characteristics of an on-site hosted ERP:

Location: The ERP software and associated databases are installed on servers and hardware owned and maintained by the company within its own facilities. This means that the company has physical control over the ERP infrastructure.

Ownership and Responsibility: The company is responsible for purchasing and maintaining the necessary hardware, servers, and networking equipment required to run the ERP system. They also bear the responsibility for software updates, maintenance, and security.

Data Security: Data security is managed by the company’s IT department, and the company has direct control over access to sensitive data. This can provide a higher level of control over data security compared to cloud-based solutions.

Customization: On-site hosted ERPs often allow for a high degree of customization to tailor the software to the company’s specific needs. This can be important for businesses with unique processes.

Scalability: Scaling an on-site hosted ERP system typically involves investing in additional hardware and infrastructure, which can be more time-consuming and costly compared to cloud-based solutions.

Capital Expenditure: Implementing an on-site hosted ERP usually requires a significant upfront capital investment in hardware, software licenses, and IT resources.

In contrast, cloud-based ERPs are hosted and managed by third-party providers in remote data centers, and companies access the ERP software over the internet. Cloud ERPs offer advantages such as scalability, reduced hardware costs, automatic updates, and lower initial capital expenditures.

The choice between on-site hosted and cloud-based ERP solutions depends on a company’s specific needs, IT infrastructure, budget, and preferences. Each option has its own set of advantages and considerations, and businesses select the one that aligns best with their requirements and strategic goals.

1A i IT Infrastructure

27
Q

Timeliness of data availability is most significant when designing which of the following?

A General ledger system
B Internet catalog and order system
C Payroll system
D Purchasing system

A

Internet catalog and order system

An Internet catalog and order system generally returns a response to the user almost immediately after data entry. With this system, lack of a speedy response can cost sales as well as diminish goodwill and employee morale. While the general ledger, payroll, and purchasing systems need responses within a reasona­ble time, their response times generally are measured in seconds, rather than milliseconds. A system supporting retail operations has more significant timeliness needs than, for instance, a payroll system.

ChatGPT
Timeliness of data availability is most significant when designing:

B Internet catalog and order system

In an internet catalog and order system, customers expect real-time or near-real-time access to product information, availability, and the ability to place orders. Timely data availability is critical to provide accurate and up-to-date product listings, inventory levels, and order processing. Delays in updating this information can result in customer dissatisfaction and lost sales opportunities. Therefore, for such systems, ensuring timely data availability is of paramount importance.

Question 33 1A iv Change Management

28
Q

Tracing shipping documents to prenumbered sales invoices provides evidence that

A No duplicate shipments or billings occurred.
B Shipments to customers were properly invoiced.
C All goods ordered by customers were shipped.
D All prenumbered sales invoices were accounted for.

A

Shipments to customers were properly invoiced.

Tracing from shipping documents to the sales invoice provides evidence that shipments to customers were properly invoiced.

The correct answer is: B. Shipments to customers were properly invoiced.

Here’s why the other options are incorrect:

A. No duplicate shipments or billings occurred: While tracing can help identify potential duplicates, it’s not the primary purpose and only provides indirect evidence.
C. All goods ordered by customers were shipped: Matching shipping documents to invoices doesn’t directly confirm all orders were shipped, just that shipped goods were invoiced.
D. All prenumbered sales invoices were accounted for: This wouldn’t be confirmed solely by tracing to shipping documents. Other processes, like invoice issuance and recording, would be involved.

This practice ensures that each shipment made to customers corresponds to a properly invoiced sales transaction. It helps verify that the goods sent to customers were accurately documented in the invoices, contributing to the accuracy of the billing process.

Question 110 1A ii Enterprise and AIS

29
Q

What best describes an electronic meeting among several people at different physical locations?

A Interactive system
B Interfacing
C Telecommuting
D Teleconferencing

A

Teleconferencing
A teleconference is a meeting among several people at different physical locations facilitated by electronics. An interactive system is a system that quickly responds to user input, as opposed to a system with punch-card entry, for example. Interfacing refers to the direct connection of multiple computer systems. Telecommuting involves working outside of a traditional office, remaining connected by the Internet, phone, et cetera.

30
Q

What is the primary advantage of using an application firewall rather than a network firewall?
A It is less expensive.
B It offers easier access to applications.
C It provides additional user authentication.
D It is easier to install.

A

It provides additional user authentication.

A network firewall protects the network as a whole, but avoids issues specific to a particular application hosted on that network. An application firewall, providing additional defenses, typically is used as a supplement to the network firewall, resulting in incremental costs and installation issues. An application firewall results in more difficult access to applications for unauthorized users; if anything changed, authorized users probably would encounter more difficult access, rather than less. If application firewalls are used without a network firewall, application firewalls are required for each application, which tends to make them more expensive and difficult to install.

The primary advantage of using an application firewall rather than a network firewall is that it provides additional user authentication. Application firewalls operate at the application layer and can enforce user authentication and access control for web applications. This means that they can verify the identity of users accessing the application and implement fine-grained access policies, adding an extra layer of security for web applications. Network firewalls primarily focus on network-level traffic filtering and may not provide the same level of user authentication and access control for applications.

What is an application firewall and why is it better than a network firewall?
ChatGPT
An application firewall, also known as a web application firewall (WAF), is a security device or software application that is designed to protect web applications from various forms of cyberattacks and unauthorized access. It operates at the application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model and is specifically focused on safeguarding web applications and their associated databases.

Here are the key characteristics and advantages of an application firewall compared to a network firewall:

  1. Granular Protection:

Application Firewall: An application firewall provides granular control and protection at the application layer. It can understand the context and content of HTTP/HTTPS requests and responses, allowing it to make intelligent decisions based on the specific application being accessed.
Network Firewall: A network firewall operates at lower layers (typically Layer 3 and 4) and primarily filters traffic based on IP addresses, ports, and protocols. It lacks the ability to deeply inspect application-layer content.
2. Protection Against Application-Specific Attacks:

Application Firewall: Application firewalls are designed to defend against application-specific attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and other web application vulnerabilities.
Network Firewall: Network firewalls focus on network-level threats and do not have the built-in capabilities to understand and protect against application-layer attacks.
3. Contextual Awareness:

Application Firewall: Application firewalls can analyze the context of web requests, considering factors such as user behavior, session data, and application logic. This contextual awareness allows them to make more accurate security decisions.
Network Firewall: Network firewalls lack contextual awareness and primarily rely on predefined rules and signatures.
4. Web Application Visibility:

Application Firewall: Application firewalls provide visibility into web application traffic, which is crucial for monitoring and protecting web applications effectively.
Network Firewall: Network firewalls are more focused on network traffic visibility and may not provide the same level of insight into web application behavior.
5. Protection of Sensitive Data:

Application Firewall: Application firewalls can enforce data loss prevention (DLP) policies to prevent the unauthorized leakage of sensitive data from web applications.
Network Firewall: Network firewalls are not designed for fine-grained data protection within web applications.
While application firewalls are highly effective at protecting web applications, they are not necessarily “better” than network firewalls; rather, they serve different purposes. Network firewalls are essential for securing the network perimeter and controlling traffic flows, while application firewalls are specialized in safeguarding web applications and their data from specific types of threats. In a comprehensive security strategy, both network and application firewalls may be used together to provide layered protection.

31
Q

Which is not part of the main components of a central processing unit (CPU)?

A Arithmetic-logic unit
B Control unit
C Disk drive
D Primary memory

A

Disk drive

A disk drive typically is considered a peripheral device. The CPU generally is considered to be com­posed of an arithmetic-logic unit, a control unit, and primary memory.

A CPU (Central Processing Unit) in a computer is composed of several key components that work together to execute instructions and perform computations. These components include:

Control Unit (CU): The control unit is responsible for managing and coordinating the various operations of the CPU. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls the execution of these instructions.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is the part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations. It can perform tasks such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical comparisons.

Registers: Registers are small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU that are used to temporarily hold data and instructions during processing. Some common registers include the program counter (PC), instruction register (IR), and general-purpose registers.

32
Q

Which of the following artificial intelligence information systems cannot learn from experience?

A Neural networks
B Case-based reasoning systems
C Rule-based expert systems
D Intelligent agents

A

Rule-based expert systems
A rule-based expert system is based on the same set of rules that a human expert follows in diagnosing a problem. A neural network is a collection of software and hardware resources that loosely models brain structure. Neural networks are self-adaptive systems (trainable systems that can generalize from sets of problems and solutions and then apply the acquired knowledge to solve new problems). Case-based reasoning is the process of solving new problems based on solutions that solved similar problems in the past. Case-based reasoning systems allow for adding cases without the complexity of adding new rules.

An intelligent agent is software that has some form of artificial intelligence; it differs from simple data mining in that data mining typically has preprogrammed algorithms, but intelligent agents have an ability to adapt and learn from experience. One example of an intelligent agent is a buyer agent—a “shopping bot” that retrieves information about goods and services based on what the user is buying currently or has bought in the past.

ule-Based Expert Systems generally do not learn from experience.

Rule-based expert systems rely on a predefined set of rules and facts in their knowledge base to make decisions and solve problems. These rules are typically created by human experts in a specific domain and do not change or adapt based on new data or experiences. While they are excellent at applying expert knowledge to specific problems, they do not have the capability to learn or improve their performance over time through experience or exposure to new situations.

In contrast, neural networks, case-based reasoning systems, and intelligent agents have mechanisms for learning from data or experience and can adapt their behavior based on the information they receive.

33
Q

Which of the following best describes a time-sharing center?

A A center that processes client data for a fee
B A computer remotely accessed by a number of different users, who are unaware of each other
C A center that distills previously unknown relationships from information in an existing database
D A location where equipment and power is available to geographically dispersed subscribers in the event of a disaster at one of their business sites

A

A computer remotely accessed by a number of different users, who are unaware of each other

A time-sharing center has a computer remotely accessed by a number of different users, who are unaware of each other.

A service bureau processes client data for a fee. Data mining involves distilling previously unknown relationships from information in an existing database; it can be done in-house or out-sourced. A cold site is a location where equipment and power is available in the event of a disaster at regular business sites; geographically dispersed subscribers are unlikely to need the site at the same time; a time-sharing center typically is used routinely.

A time-sharing center, also known as a time-sharing system or time-sharing computer, is a type of computing facility or environment that allows multiple users or applications to share the resources of a single computer system simultaneously. Time-sharing was a significant concept in the early days of computing, and it laid the foundation for modern multi-user and multitasking operating systems.

Here’s a description and example of a time-sharing center:

Description:

Resource Sharing: A time-sharing center is designed to share the computing resources of a central computer among multiple users or applications. These resources typically include CPU time, memory, storage, and input/output devices.

Multiprogramming: In a time-sharing system, multiple users or tasks run concurrently on the same computer. The operating system manages the execution of these tasks, dividing the CPU time into small time slices or time-sharing intervals. Each user or task gets a turn to use the CPU for a brief period before switching to the next, creating an illusion of simultaneous execution.

Interactive Computing: Time-sharing systems are well-suited for interactive computing, where users can interact with the computer in real-time. This is in contrast to batch processing systems, where jobs are submitted and processed sequentially without immediate user interaction.

Example:

In the 1960s and 1970s, time-sharing centers were common, especially in academic and research institutions. One famous example was the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). CTSS allowed multiple users to log in to a central computer via teletypes or terminals and run programs interactively.

34
Q

Which of the following best describes cloud computing?
A Cloud computing has 3 layers of services – SaaS, MaaS and GaaS.
B Cloud computing is subscription-based with very high capital expenditures, and low operating expenses.
C Cloud computing moves everything to the Internet, including company data. IT departments have doubled in size due to the rise of cloud technology.
D Cloud computing includes service level agreements including uptime, disaster recovery, network latency, and real-time synchronization.

A

Cloud computing includes service level agreements including uptime, disaster recovery, network latency, and real-time synchronization.
Cloud provides all of the SLAs mentioned. Cloud’s 3 layers of services are SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenditures are much lower (CAPEX). IT departments have shrunk significantly, including resources and equipment, due to the rise of outsourced cloud services.

Cloud computing involves the delivery of various computing services, including infrastructure, platforms, and software, over the internet. Service level agreements (SLAs) are common in cloud computing and define the terms and guarantees of the services provided by cloud service providers. SLAs often cover aspects like uptime, disaster recovery, network performance (latency), and data synchronization, ensuring that customers have clear expectations regarding the quality and availability of cloud services. This option accurately highlights the contractual and service-oriented nature of cloud computing.

35
Q

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes electronic data interchange (EDI) from other forms of electronic commerce?
A The cost of sending EDI transactions using a value-added network (VAN) is less than the cost of using the Internet.
B Software maintenance contracts are unnecessary because translation software for EDI transactions need not be updated.
C EDI commerce is ordinarily conducted without establishing legally binding contracts between trading partners.
D EDI transactions are formatted using strict standards that have been agreed to worldwide.

A

EDI transactions are formatted using strict standards that have been agreed to worldwide.

EDI is possible only through the use of strict protocols and legally binding contracts between trading partners. EDI software must be updated in synchronization with protocol changes. VANs and EDI provide more capabilities than the Internet. Typically, a greater amount of service costs more.

Have EDI transactions been formatted using strict standards that have been agreed to worldwide?
ChatGPT
Yes, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) transactions are typically formatted using strict standards that have been agreed upon worldwide. These standards ensure consistency and interoperability between different organizations, industries, and countries. Two of the most widely used EDI standards are:

ANSI X12: ANSI X12 is a standard for electronic data interchange in the United States. It defines the structure and format of EDI transactions and is commonly used in North America. ANSI X12 encompasses a wide range of industries, including healthcare (HIPAA), retail, manufacturing, and logistics.

UN/EDIFACT: UN/EDIFACT (United Nations Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport) is an international EDI standard developed by the United Nations. It is widely adopted in Europe and many other parts of the world. UN/EDIFACT provides a common framework for the exchange of business documents and information across borders and industries.

These standards specify the syntax, data elements, segments, and message structures for various types of business documents, such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and more. They also define how data should be formatted and transmitted, including the use of delimiters, data types, and code sets.

By adhering to these globally recognized EDI standards, organizations can ensure that their electronic business communications are compatible with trading partners worldwide. This facilitates seamless exchange of data, reduces errors, and enhances efficiency in B2B transactions across international borders.

36
Q

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes electronic data interchange (EDI) from other forms of electronic commerce?

A EDI transactions are formatted using standards that are uniform worldwide.
B EDI transactions need not comply with generally accepted accounting principles.
C EDI transactions ordinarily are processed without the Internet.
D EDI transactions are usually recorded without security and privacy concerns.

A

EDI transactions are formatted using standards that are uniform worldwide.

Electronic data interchange is a method of conducting routine business transactions. It relies on standardized guidelines that everyone can use. EDI transactions need to follow GAAP just as paper transactions do, they may be processed over the Internet, and that makes them more vulnerable to security violations.

ChatGPT
A) EDI transactions are formatted using standards that are uniform worldwide.

This is a distinguishing characteristic of electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI transactions are typically formatted using standardized formats and protocols, such as ANSI X12 or UN/EDIFACT, which are recognized and used internationally. These standards ensure consistency and interoperability between trading partners, making EDI a reliable method for exchanging business documents electronically.

The other options (B, C, and D) do not accurately distinguish EDI from other forms of electronic commerce:

B) Compliance with generally accepted accounting principles may apply to various forms of electronic commerce, depending on the nature of the transactions and the industry.

C) While EDI transactions can be processed without the Internet, it’s not a defining characteristic, as some EDI transactions can also be conducted over the Internet.

D) EDI transactions are not recorded without security and privacy concerns. Security and privacy are important considerations in EDI, just as they are in other forms of electronic commerce. Measures are taken to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the data being exchanged in EDI transactions.

37
Q

Which of the following individuals or groups within an organization reviews and approves long-range plans and oversees its information systems?
A Systems steering committee.
B Project development team.
C Systems analyst.
D Database administrator.

A

Systems steering committee.

A steering committee is a group of individuals formed with the intent of overseeing and regulating the Information Technology and system function within an organization. Its primary functions are listed as:

Setting policies for various information systems.
Ensuring support, guidance, and participation of the top management.
Coordinating and integrating information systems to increase goal congruence and avoid goal conflicts.
Approving organizational plans and goals.
The Systems Steering Committee would be involved in approving long-range plans and overseeing information systems

Here’s why the other options are incorrect:

B. Project development team: Project development teams focus on executing specific projects within the long-range plans, not reviewing and approving the plans themselves.
C. Systems analyst: Systems analysts typically analyze and design specific systems within the overall IT strategy, not the entire long-range plan.
D. Database administrator: Database administrators manage the database within the IT infrastructure, not the overall information systems or long-range plans.

Systems steering committees, on the other hand, are typically composed of senior executives and stakeholders from various departments. They are responsible for:

Setting the strategic direction for the organization’s information systems.
Reviewing and approving long-range plans for IT investments.
Overseeing the performance of the IT department and ensuring alignment with business goals.
Making critical decisions about resource allocation for IT projects.

Question 13 1A iv Change Management

38
Q

Which of the following is a component of a system that separates or isolates a network segment from the main network while maintaining connection, and is designed to block unauthorized access?

A Query program
B Firewall
C Image browser
D Keyword

A

Firewall

A firewall is hardware or software designed to prevent unauthorized access to data by separating one segment from another. A query program is an application that counts, sums, and retrieves items from a database based on user criteria. An image browser is a program that displays the contents of an electronic image file. A keyword can be either a word used in a text search, one of several words within a text document coded to generate an index referencing the content, or a word reserved for a specific use in a programming or command language.

A firewall is a network security device or software that acts as a barrier between a trusted network (main network) and an untrusted network (such as the internet). It monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic, allowing or blocking data packets based on a set of predetermined security rules. Firewalls are essential for protecting a network from unauthorized access and potential threats.

39
Q

Which of the following is a computer program that appears to be legitimate but performs an illicit activity when it is run?

A Redundant verification
B Parallel count
C Web crawler
D Trojan horse

A

Trojan horse

A Trojan horse is a seemingly legitimate program that causes damage when executed. Redundant verification involves a second or backup confirmation. A parallel count typically is two counts done concurrently using different methods or systems. A web crawler is used to search the World Wide Web for documents containing specific words or phrases.

A Trojan Horse, often referred to simply as a “Trojan,” is a type of malicious software or malware that disguises itself as a legitimate and harmless program or file to deceive users and gain unauthorized access to their computer systems or networks. Trojans are named after the famous story of the wooden horse used by the Greeks to infiltrate the city of Troy during the Trojan War.

40
Q

Which of the following is a network node that is used to improve network traffic and to set up as a boundary that prevents traffic from one segment to cross over to another?
A Router
B Gateway
C Firewall
D Heuristic

A

Firewall

A firewall is designed to prevent unauthorized access to data by separating one segment from another. Routers (switches that transfer incoming messages to outgoing links via the most efficient route possible, for example, over the Internet) and gateways (software or hardware that link two computer networks) allow traffic. In computing, heuristic signifies able to change; it is used to describe a computer program that can modify itself in response to the user, for example, a spell check program.

Gateway: Like a bridge or tunnel connecting two cities, allowing people and goods to flow between them.
Firewall: Like the city walls and security checkpoints, controlling who and what enters and leaves the city.

ChatGPT
The difference between a firewall and a gateway lies in their primary functions within a network:

Firewall:

Purpose: A firewall is primarily designed for security. It monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an established set of security rules.
Functionality: Firewalls are used to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. They can block certain types of traffic, filter out unwanted or unsafe data, and even manage traffic to prevent network overloads.
Positioning: Firewalls are typically placed at network boundaries to act as a barrier between a trusted internal network (like a corporate LAN) and an untrusted external network (like the internet).
Gateway:

Purpose: A gateway, on the other hand, serves as a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. Its primary role is connectivity and translation between different network types or protocols.
Functionality: Gateways facilitate communication between different networks which may use different protocols. For instance, a gateway can connect a home network to the internet, translate data formats, or perform protocol conversions.
Positioning: Gateways are often used where one network needs to communicate with another network that operates on different protocols or network models.

41
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of a computer-based system for transaction processing over a manual system? A computer-based system:

A Does not require as stringent a set of internal controls
B Will produce a more accurate set of financial statements
C Will be more efficient at producing financial statements
D Eliminates the need to reconcile control accounts and subsidiary ledgers

A

Will be more efficient at producing financial statements

BE CAREFUL! ANSWERS LOOK ALIKE

A computerized system will be more efficient at producing financial statements. No matter what method is used to produce financial statements, the process still requires internal controls stringent enough to be effective for accurate financial statements, with reconciled control accounts and subsidiary ledgers.

gers
ChatGPT
C) Will be more efficient at producing financial statements.

One of the advantages of a computer-based system for transaction processing over a manual system is increased efficiency. Computer-based systems can process transactions much faster and with greater accuracy than manual systems. This efficiency extends to producing financial statements, as the system can automatically generate these statements from the data entered, reducing the time and effort required for financial reporting.

Option B (Will produce a more accurate set of financial statements) is also true to some extent because computer-based systems are less prone to manual errors, but it’s not the primary advantage highlighted in the question.

Option A (Does not require as stringent a set of internal controls) is not accurate. In fact, computer-based systems often require robust internal controls to ensure data accuracy and security.

Option D (Eliminates the need to reconcile control accounts and subsidiary ledgers) is not accurate either. While computer-based systems can streamline the reconciliation process, they do not eliminate the need for reconciliation entirely, as mentioned in a previous response.

42
Q

Which of the following is an essential element of the audit trail in an electronic data interchange (EDI) system?

A An integrated test facility that verifies the accuracy of data.
B A heuristic program that accesses remote locations.
C Hardware security modules that store sensitive data.
D Computer activity logs that indicate failed transactions.

A

Computer activity logs that indicate failed transactions.

Audit Trail is a system that makes use of the record of accounting transactions within an entity for auditing purposes. It is important that a chronological record is maintained that sequences the changes to various databases and system files of an organization.

When an electronic data interchange is adopted by a company, it is crucial that it also provides the relevant mechanisms for audit trails. Activity logs that indicate failed (and successful) transactions are an important element of EDI which will prove useful in audit trails.

A heuristic is essentially a mental shortcut or problem-solving approach that allows us to reach an acceptable solution quickly and efficiently, even if it’s not necessarily the optimal or most accurate one. It’s a practical method that prioritizes getting the job done over finding the perfect answer.

Yes, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) systems typically have computer activity logs. These logs are an essential component of any EDI system, serving several important functions:

Tracking and Monitoring: The logs track and monitor all the transactions that pass through the system. This includes details like the time a transaction was initiated, who initiated it, and its current status.

Error Handling and Debugging: In case of errors or issues with any EDI transaction, the logs provide valuable information for troubleshooting. They can help identify what went wrong and where, aiding in quick resolution of issues.

Audit and Compliance: For audit purposes, these logs are crucial. They provide a record of all transactions, which is necessary for compliance with various legal and financial regulations. This is particularly important in industries like finance, healthcare, and supply chain logistics, where accurate record-keeping is mandated by law.

Security: Activity logs also play a role in security. By keeping a record of all transactions and activities, they can help in detecting unauthorized access or unusual patterns of activity that might indicate a security breach.

Performance Analysis: These logs can be used to analyze the performance of the EDI system, helping in identifying bottlenecks or areas for improvement.

Therefore, computer activity logs in EDI systems are vital for operational efficiency, compliance, security, and overall management of electronic data interchange processes.

43
Q

Which of the following is an essential element of the audit trail in an electronic data interchange (EDI) system?

A Disaster recovery plans that ensure proper backup of files
B Encrypted hash totals that authenticate messages
C Activity logs that indicate failed transactions
D Hardware security modules that store sensitive data

A

Activity logs that indicate failed transactions

Logs with failed transactions are examined to determine whether the corrected transactions were eventually executed and to detect attempts of unauthorized system use. Proper file backup is a recovery issue. Message authentication and hardware security modules are security issues.

In an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system, an essential element of the audit trail is:

C. Activity logs that indicate failed transactions

An audit trail in an EDI system is crucial for tracking the history of transactions, ensuring the integrity of the data exchanged, and identifying any issues or anomalies in the system. Activity logs that indicate failed transactions are a key component of this, as they provide a record of transactions that did not process successfully, which is essential for troubleshooting, security, and compliance purposes.

While the other options are important in their own right for an EDI system, they do not directly relate to the audit trail:

Disaster recovery plans (Option A) are crucial for overall system resilience but are not specifically part of the audit trail.
Encrypted hash totals (Option B) are used for securing and authenticating messages but are not primarily for audit trails.
Hardware security modules (Option D) provide a secure environment for storing sensitive data, but again, this is not directly linked to the creation or maintenance of an audit trail.

Question 70 and 71

44
Q

Which of the following is considered a component of a local area network?

A Program flowchart
B Loop verification
C Transmission media
D Input routine

A

Transmission media

A local area network is a network of computers within a small area to transmit information among network members. By its nature, it requires a means of transmission. Program flowcharts relate to software. An input routine generally is a program that relates to the acceptance of information (data entry). Loop verification is not a commonly used term.

what is transmission media?
ChatGPT
Transmission media, in the context of computer networks and telecommunications, refers to the physical or wireless communication channels used to transmit data signals from one device to another. These media serve as the pathways through which data travels in a network. Different types of transmission media are employed based on factors like distance, bandwidth requirements, and environmental conditions. There are two main categories of transmission media:

Guided (Wired) Transmission Media:

Twisted Pair Cable: Twisted pair cables are commonly used for short-distance communication in Ethernet networks. They consist of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. There are two main types: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) cables.
Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables have a central copper conductor surrounded by insulating material, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer. They are used in cable television (CATV) systems and older Ethernet networks.
Fiber-Optic Cable: Fiber-optic cables use light signals to transmit data. They consist of thin strands of glass or plastic fibers that carry data over long distances at high speeds. Fiber-optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference and are commonly used in high-speed internet connections and long-distance telecommunications.
Unguided (Wireless) Transmission Media:

Wireless Radio Waves: Wireless communication relies on radio waves to transmit data. This includes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G), and various other wireless technologies.
Microwave: Microwave transmission uses high-frequency radio waves to transmit data over short to medium distances. It is commonly used for point-to-point communication, such as connecting network segments.
Satellite Communication: Satellites in space facilitate long-distance wireless communication. They are used for applications like satellite TV, global positioning systems (GPS), and satellite internet.
Infrared (IR): Infrared transmission uses light signals outside the visible spectrum to transmit data. It is often used for short-range communication, such as in remote controls and IrDA (Infrared Data Association) devices.
The choice of transmission media depends on various factors, including the required bandwidth, distance between devices, susceptibility to interference, cost, and environmental conditions. Different media have different strengths and weaknesses, and organizations select the most suitable transmission media for their specific communication needs.

45
Q

Which of the following is likely to be more of a consideration for a personal computer system used to keep records for a business, as opposed to a large computer?
A Limit or reasonableness checks generally are not adapted to specific situations.
B The most important program and data files should be duplicated and stored safely off-site.
C A physical environment free from extreme temperatures and humidity must be maintained.
D A physical location protected from likely emergencies, such as fire or flooding.

A

Question 176 1Ai IT Infrastructure

Limit or reasonableness checks generally are not adapted to specific situations.

So, this one was tricky. BARD and CHATGPT each chose B and D, but the reason they are not correct is because they apply to BOTH a personal computer and a large computer. Wow.

Limit (or reasonableness) checks generally are not adapted to specific situations in personal computer systems since most small system software is purchased off the shelf. Off-site storage of duplicate files, an appropriate environment, and a location unlikely to be damaged by fire or flooding are all important for both large and small computer systems.

What is limit or reasonableness checks.
ChatGPT
Limit or reasonableness checks, often referred to as validation checks, are methods used in computer programming and data management to ensure that data entered into a system or database falls within acceptable limits or is reasonable in the context of the application.

These checks are designed to validate data for accuracy and consistency. Here are some common examples:

Range Checks: These checks ensure that data falls within a specified range. For example, if a system expects to receive temperatures in Celsius, a range check might ensure that the entered temperature is between -50°C and 100°C, as temperatures outside this range would be unreasonable.

Format Checks: These checks verify that data is in the correct format. For instance, if a user is asked to input a date, a format check would ensure that the input follows the date format (e.g., mm/dd/yyyy) and doesn’t contain invalid characters.

Consistency Checks: These checks compare data across fields or records to ensure that it’s consistent. For example, if an order total is calculated based on individual item prices, a consistency check would verify that the calculated total matches the sum of the individual items.

Reasonableness Checks: Reasonableness checks assess whether the data entered makes sense in the context of the application. For instance, if an employee’s age is entered as 150 years old, a reasonableness check might flag this as an error since it’s unlikely for an employee to be that old.

Limit or reasonableness checks help maintain data integrity, prevent erroneous data from being processed, and improve the overall quality of data in a system. They are essential for data validation and error prevention in computer systems.

46
Q

Which of the following is not an example of software?

A Database management system
B Firewall
C Operating system
D Router

A

Router
A router is a hardware switch that manages messages to links via the most efficient route possible. A database management system, firewall, operating system, and spreadsheet application are all software.

ChatGPT
D) Router is not an example of software. It is a hardware device that is used to connect different computer networks together and route data packets between them.

A, B, and C are all examples of software:

A) Database management system (DBMS) is software used to manage and organize databases.
B) Firewall is software (or hardware) used to protect computer networks by controlling and filtering network traffic.
C) Operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and provides services for computer programs, such as managing memory, file systems, and hardware resources.

Is a firewall software?
ChatGPT
Yes, a firewall is a type of software or hardware that is used to protect computer networks from unauthorized access or malicious activities. Firewalls can be implemented as software programs running on a computer or as dedicated hardware devices that filter and control incoming and outgoing network traffic to ensure the security and privacy of the network. Firewalls can be used to block or allow specific types of traffic based on predefined rules and policies. They are an essential component of network security.

47
Q

Which of the following is the primary advantage of using a value-added network (VAN)?

A It provides confidentiality for data transmitted over the Internet.
B It provides increased security for data transmissions.
C It is more cost effective for the company than transmitting data over the Internet.
D It enables the company to obtain trend information on data transmissions.

A

It provides increased security for data transmissions.

A value-added network (VAN) is a network service that provides additional services beyond mere connections to the Internet, particularly services enabling EDI, including increased security. However, a VAN does not provide confidentiality for data transmitted over the internet and tends not to be more cost effective than transmitting data over the internet. A VAN typically does not enable a company to obtain trend information on data transmissions.

The primary advantage of using a Value-Added Network (VAN) is increased security for data transmissions. VANs offer encryption, authentication, and other security measures to protect sensitive business data as it is exchanged between organizations. While they provide additional benefits such as reliability and data translation, the primary focus of a VAN is to enhance the security of data transmissions in B2B communication.

A. Confidentiality for data transmitted over the Internet: While some VANs do offer encryption and other features to enhance confidentiality, this isn’t their primary function. The internet itself offers several secure transmission methods, and many companies rely on these directly without needing a VAN.
C. Cost-effectiveness: Whether a VAN is more cost-effective than the internet depends on specific usage patterns and volume. In some cases, the internet can be cheaper, especially for low-volume transmissions. VANs often have fixed fees or subscription costs, while internet-based options might be priced per transmission.
D. Trend information on data transmissions: Some VANs offer data analytics and reporting services, but this isn’t the main reason companies choose them. The core value proposition lies in the enhanced security features and capabilities beyond what the internet typically provides.
The primary advantage of VANs is their specialized infrastructure and security protocols designed to protect sensitive data transmissions. These include:

-Encryption: VANs often use stronger encryption algorithms and key management practices compared to standard internet protocols.
-Authentication: VANs employ robust authentication techniques to verify the identity of trading partners and prevent unauthorized access.
-Data integrity: VANs implement checksums and other mechanisms to ensure data hasn’t been tampered with during transmission.
-Audit trails: VANs maintain detailed logs of transmission activity for accountability and forensic purposes.

48
Q

Which of the following is true about an Initial Coin Offering (ICO)?

A ICOs are a way of financing blockchain technology companies.
B Companies can offer stock in the form of cryptocurrencies, and are traded on the NYSE.
C Bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency currently being offered in an ICO.
D The decentralized nature of blockchain transactions makes it easier for central authorities to oversee and manage ICOs.

A

ICOs are a way of financing blockchain technology companies.

ICOs are much like IPOs in that they help finance companies. ICOs help finance blockchain technology companies. ICOs are not traded on the NYSE, there are many cryptocurrencies currently available, and the decentralized nature of blockchain makes it a challenge for central authorities to oversee and manage ICOs.

An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a fundraising method used by blockchain and cryptocurrency startups to raise capital. It involves the issuance of new cryptocurrency tokens or coins to investors and contributors in exchange for funding. ICOs gained significant popularity in the cryptocurrency space, especially during the cryptocurrency boom of 2017, as a means for startups to secure financing for their projects.

49
Q

Which of the following is usually a benefit of transmitting transactions in an electronic data interchange (EDI) environment?

A A compressed business cycle with lower year-end receivables balances
B A reduced need to test computer controls related to sales and collections transactions
C An increased opportunity to apply statistical sampling techniques to account balances
D No need to rely on third-party service providers to ensure security

A

The most likely benefit of transmitting transactions in an EDI environment is:

EDI generally results in a compressed cycle of orders, purchases, deliveries, and payments. EDI generally increases the need to test computer controls and the need for security. EDI has no impact on the application of sampling techniques for account balances.

A. A compressed business cycle with lower year-end receivables balances

Here’s why the other options are less likely benefits of EDI:

B. Reduced need to test computer controls: While EDI can streamline operations and potentially reduce the need for specific control testing, it doesn’t eliminate the need for proper internal controls and audits entirely.
C. Increased opportunity for statistical sampling: EDI may not directly lead to more opportunities for statistical sampling in account balances. While data accuracy might improve, the choice of sampling techniques depends on internal audit procedures and risk assessments.
D. No reliance on third-party providers: Most EDI implementations rely on third-party VANs (Value-Added Networks) for secure data transmission and translation. While companies manage their own internal EDI systems, the core transmission infrastructure often involves external providers.
However, a compressed business cycle and lower year-end receivables balances are well-documented benefits of EDI. Here’s how:

Faster processing: EDI eliminates manual data entry and paper-based transactions, speeding up order processing, invoicing, and payments. This shortens the overall cash conversion cycle, meaning money flows through the business quicker.
Reduced errors: Automated EDI transactions have fewer errors compared to manual processes, leading to fewer payment delays and disputes. This directly contributes to lower year-end receivables balances, representing outstanding payments owed to the company.

One of the primary benefits of transmitting transactions in an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) environment is a compressed business cycle with lower year-end receivables balances. EDI streamlines the exchange of business documents and transactions between trading partners, reducing paperwork, manual data entry, and processing times. This efficiency often leads to quicker payment cycles and lower outstanding receivables balances for businesses.

50
Q

Which of the following is usually a benefit of transmitting transactions in an electronic data interchange (EDI) environment?

A Elimination of the need to continuously update antivirus software
B Assurance of the thoroughness of transaction data because of standardized controls
C Automatic protection of information that has electronically left the entity
D Elimination of the need to verify the receipt of goods before making payment

A

Assurance of the thoroughness of transaction data because of standardized controls.

EDI involves electronic communication among two or more entities; these entities need a common standard transmission format. The standard was created by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) which chartered the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12 to develop uniform standards for electronic exchange of business transactions, namely EDI.

Here’s why the other options are less likely benefits of EDI:

A. Elimination of the need to continuously update antivirus software: While EDI can reduce the risk of certain types of malware attacks, it doesn’t eliminate the need for antivirus software entirely. The system itself and connected devices still require protection.
C. Automatic protection of information that has electronically left the entity: While proper security measures within the EDI system can help protect transmitted data, information can still be vulnerable when stored or accessed outside the system by other parties. Additional security measures may be needed depending on the sensitivity of the data.
D. Elimination of the need to verify the receipt of goods before making payment: This depends on the specific business agreement and terms of trade. EDI doesn’t automatically eliminate the need for verification or due diligence procedures.
Standardized controls in EDI environments are a key advantage. These controls include pre-defined data formats, validation rules, and error checking mechanisms. This standardization helps ensure:

Completeness: All required data fields are present and valid.
Accuracy: Data values are within acceptable ranges and conform to agreed-upon formats.
Consistency: Data within a transaction and across different transactions aligns and doesn’t contradict.
By enforcing these controls, EDI helps reduce the risk of errors, omissions, and inconsistencies in transaction data, leading to:

Improved data quality: Less time spent on manual data cleansing and error correction.
Streamlined transactions: Efficient processing and faster fulfillment of orders.
Reduced transaction costs: Lower costs associated with correcting errors and managing disputes.

B Assurance of the thoroughness of transaction data because of standardized controls.

In an EDI environment, transactions are conducted using standardized formats and controls. This standardized approach ensures consistency and accuracy in the exchange of business documents and transaction data between trading partners. Standardized controls and formats help reduce errors, improve data accuracy, and enhance the reliability of transaction processing. This benefit contributes to the assurance of the thoroughness and correctness of the transaction data being exchanged.

Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the primary benefit of using EDI:

Option A (Elimination of the need to continuously update antivirus software) is not a direct benefit of EDI, as antivirus software is generally unrelated to the transmission of structured business data.

Option C (Automatic protection of information that has electronically left the entity) is not a guaranteed benefit of EDI; data protection still requires appropriate security measures.

Option D (Elimination of the need to verify the receipt of goods before making payment) oversimplifies the process and does not account for the need to establish trust and security in EDI transactions. Verification and reconciliation processes may still be necessary in EDI workflows.

51
Q

Which of the following is usually a benefit of using electronic funds transfer for international cash transactions?
A Creation of multilingual disaster recovery plans
B Reduction in the frequency of data entry errors
C Off-site storage of foreign source documents
D Improvement in the audit trail for cash transactions

A

Reduction in the frequency of data entry errors

With electronic funds transfers (EFT), data is entered only once. Further processing is done electronically. Disaster recovery plans are contingency plans in the event of an unplanned shutdown. Document storage is an archiving function. EFT audit trails can be difficult to follow without adequate controls, documentation, and reporting.

52
Q

Which of the following is usually a benefit of using electronic funds transfer, a type of EDI transaction, for international cash transactions?

A Improvement of the audit trail for cash receipts and disbursements
B Creation of self-monitoring access controls
C Reduction of the frequency of data entry errors
D Off-site storage of source documents for cash transactions

Question #70 1Ai: IT Infrastructure

A

Reduction of the frequency of data entry errors

With EDI, information is entered into a system once and transmitted to other parties. These other parties do not have to re-enter the information into their systems, eliminating an opportunity for errors to occur.

Using EDI, audit trails typically are less clear, if anything. Creation of self-monitoring access controls and off-site storage of source documents for cash transactions could occur with or without EDI.

ChatGPT
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), as a type of EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) transaction, primarily offers benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and security for international cash transactions. Analyzing the options provided:

A. Improvement of the audit trail for cash receipts and disbursements: EFT does improve the audit trail as transactions are recorded electronically and automatically. This electronic record-keeping provides a clear, timely, and accurate trail of transactions, which is beneficial for auditing purposes.

B. Creation of self-monitoring access controls: While EFT systems can be designed with robust security features, the creation of self-monitoring access controls is more about the specific design of the system and its security features, rather than a direct, inherent benefit of EFT.

C. Reduction of the frequency of data entry errors: EFT significantly reduces data entry errors. Since EFT transactions are automated and do not require manual entry for each transaction, the likelihood of errors typically associated with manual data processing is greatly reduced.

D. Off-site storage of source documents for cash transactions: EFT doesn’t inherently involve off-site storage of documents. While electronic transactions can be stored digitally, which could be off-site, this is more about how an organization chooses to manage its digital records rather than a direct benefit of EFT itself.

Based on this analysis, the option that stands out as a usual benefit of using EFT for international cash transactions is:

C. Reduction of the frequency of data entry errors.

This choice directly addresses the automated nature of EFT and its impact on reducing human error in financial transactions.

53
Q

Which of the following represents an additional cost of transmitting business transactions by means of electronic data interchange (EDI) rather than in a traditional paper environment?
A Redundant data checks are needed to verify that individual EDI transactions are not recorded twice.
B Internal audit work is needed because the potential for random data entry errors is increased.
C Translation software is needed to convert transactions from the entity’s internal format to a standard EDI format.
D More supervisory personnel are needed because the amount of data entry is greater in an EDI system.

A

Translation software is needed to convert transactions from the entity’s internal format to a standard EDI format.

EDI involves electronic communication among two or more entities. These entities need a common standard transmission format. Individual EDI transactions are no more likely to be recorded twice than transactions performed in a paper environment. One primary advantage of EDI is the reduction of data entry and a corresponding reduction of associated errors. Random data entry errors are generally reduced in an EDI system, because information is entered once (allowing one opportunity for errors), instead of entered, printed, and reentered (allowing multiple opportunities for errors).

ChatGPT
The option that represents an additional cost of transmitting business transactions by means of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) rather than in a traditional paper environment is:

C. Translation software is needed to convert transactions from the entity’s internal format to a standard EDI format.

EDI requires specific formats for data transmission to ensure that the data can be understood and processed by different systems used by various businesses. Therefore, translation software or tools are often necessary to convert an organization’s internal data formats into a standardized EDI format. This conversion process is unique to EDI and represents an additional cost compared to traditional paper-based transactions.

The other options listed do not accurately represent additional costs specific to EDI:

A. Redundant data checks, while important in EDI systems, are not necessarily an additional cost compared to paper environments as similar checks are needed in both systems to ensure accuracy.

B. Internal audit work is a necessity in both EDI and traditional paper systems to ensure accuracy and compliance, so it’s not an additional cost exclusive to EDI.

D. EDI systems typically reduce the amount of data entry required, not increase it, as they automate many processes that would be manual in a paper-based system. Thus, the need for more supervisory personnel for data entry is not a characteristic of EDI systems.

While EDI systems do involve various checks to ensure data integrity and prevent duplicate transactions, it’s not necessarily through redundant checks in the strictest sense.

Here’s a breakdown of how EDI systems handle potential duplicate transactions:

Preventing duplicates:

Unique identifiers: EDI transactions typically use unique identifiers like purchase order numbers or invoice numbers to distinguish them from each other. These identifiers are embedded within the data structure and verified by both sending and receiving systems.
Hashing and checksums: Some EDI systems utilize cryptographic hashing algorithms or checksums to generate a unique value based on the transaction data. This value is transmitted alongside the data and recalculated by the receiving system. Any discrepancy between the sent and received hash/checksum indicates a potential error or manipulation.
Data validation and mapping: EDI systems often employ data validation rules and mapping processes to ensure data adheres to specific formats and standards. This helps filter out inconsistencies and potential duplicates before the data enters the processing system.
Identifying and resolving duplicates:

Duplicate checking algorithms: While redundant checks might be implemented in some cases, more sophisticated algorithms can analyze specific data fields like date, amount, and supplier information to identify potential duplicates with greater accuracy. This avoids unnecessary reprocessing of legitimate transactions.
Exception handling: EDI systems usually have built-in mechanisms to handle exceptions and discrepancies. If a potential duplicate is identified, the system can initiate error notifications, trigger manual review processes, or automatically compare data with previous transactions to determine the correct course of action.
Therefore, while ensuring data integrity and preventing duplicates is crucial in EDI, it’s not solely achieved through simple, repetitive checks. A combination of unique identifiers, data validation, sophisticated algorithms, and exception handling work together to minimize the risk of duplicate transactions within an EDI system.

54
Q

Which of the following solutions creates an encrypted communication tunnel across the Internet for the purpose of allowing a remote user secure access into the network?

A Internet Service Provider (ISP)
B Digital encryption
C Authority certificate
D Virtual private network (VPN)

A

Virtual private network (VPN)
A virtual private network combines public and private resources that appears as if a remote user is accessing a private network directly by creating an encrypted communication tunnel across the Internet. An ISP provides access to the Internet itself via modems and routers.

55
Q

Which of the following statements about blockchain technologies is correct?

Blockchain records transactions in a centralized database for added security and real-time use.
Once records are entered into the blockchain, they cannot be altered. This provides added level of security.
A I only
B II only
C Both I and II are true
D Neither I nor II are true

A

II only

READ THE QUESTION! IT asked if they were correct. Do one at a time.
I. false
II. true

I mistakenly quickly answered thinking they both were false.

Blockchain uses a decentralized, not centralized, transparent public ledger to record transactions, and that adds to the level of security and real-time use. II is a correct statement.

Yes, it is true that once records are entered into a blockchain, they cannot be easily altered or tampered with. This property of blockchain is often referred to as “immutability” and is one of the key features that provides an added level of security and trust in blockchain technology.

Here’s why records in a blockchain are immutable:

Cryptographic Hashing: Each block in a blockchain contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block’s data, including its own data. This creates a chain of blocks, and any change in the data of a single block would require changing the data in all subsequent blocks. This is computationally infeasible due to the enormous amount of computational power needed.

Decentralization: Blockchains are typically maintained by a decentralized network of nodes (computers) that validate and record transactions. To alter a record in a blockchain, an attacker would need to gain control of a majority of the network’s nodes, which is extremely difficult and unlikely in well-established blockchain networks.

Consensus Mechanisms: Blockchains use consensus mechanisms (such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake) to agree on the validity of transactions and the order in which they are added to the blockchain. Any attempt to tamper with the data would be detected and rejected by the consensus process.

Transparency: Blockchains are transparent, and the entire transaction history is visible to all participants. If a change were attempted, it would be easily noticed and rejected by network participants.

While it is highly secure and difficult to alter data in a blockchain, it’s essential to note that blockchain technology is not entirely immune to attacks. In theory, a 51% attack (where an entity controls a majority of the network’s computing power) could potentially alter the blockchain, but such attacks are highly costly and typically not practical in well-established and secure blockchain networks.

56
Q

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the security of messages in an electronic data interchange (EDI) system?

A Removable drives that can be locked up at night provide adequate security when the confidentiality of data is the primary risk.
B Message authentication in EDI systems performs the same function as segregation of duties in other information systems.
C Encryption performed by a physically secure hardware device is more secure than encryption performed by software.
D Security at the transaction phase in EDI systems is not necessary because problems at that level will be identified by the service provider.

A

Encryption performed by a physically secure hardware device is more secure than encryption performed by software.

Software can be altered by remote penetration. The hardware containing physical safeguards must be accessed physically to be altered. In an online system, it is easier to restrict access to encryption hardware than to encryption software.

Locking up removable drives when not in use doesn’t provide security for the information on those drives when they are being used. Segregation of duties reduces the opportunities for the same employee to both perpetrate wrongdoing and conceal evidence of it within an entity’s records.

Message authentication typically is concerned with both internal and external messages.

Failing to provide for security at the transaction phase in an EDI system is akin to failure to provide for security over checks in a manual system. The amount of security that a service provider can provide at this level is limited, as proper and improper transactions may not have characteristics that allow the service provider to distinguish between them.

Here’s why the other options are incorrect:

A. Removable drives that can be locked up at night provide inadequate security when the confidentiality of data is the primary risk. While it helps with physical access control, this doesn’t address potential hacking or security vulnerabilities within the system itself.
B. Message authentication in EDI systems performs the verification of message origin and integrity, similar to segregation of duties in other systems, but the functions aren’t identical. Segregation of duties focuses on preventing internal fraud by separating key control functions among different individuals, while message authentication in EDI ensures the message hasn’t been tampered with during transmission.
D. Security at the transaction phase in EDI systems is crucial. Problems like unauthorized access, data manipulation, or errors can occur at any stage, not just during service provider involvement. Robust security measures throughout the transaction phase are essential.
Therefore, encryption using physically secure hardware devices offers the strongest protection for EDI messages compared to software-based solutions. These devices often have dedicated processors and tamper-proof designs, making them more resistant to unauthorized access and manipulation.

In EDI systems, security is crucial to protect the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data being exchanged between organizations. While all the options mention security-related concepts, option C specifically addresses the use of encryption. Using a physically secure hardware device for encryption is generally considered more secure than relying solely on software-based encryption because hardware encryption devices are less susceptible to tampering or unauthorized access. Hardware security modules (HSMs) are examples of such devices commonly used for secure encryption in EDI and other applications.

57
Q

Which of the following statements is false regarding a personal computer network?

A An integrated package is a type of operating system software appropriate for a personal computer network.
B Language translation software is appropriate for a personal computer network.
C Operating system software is essential for a personal computer network.
D A spreadsheet package is a type of application software appropriate for a personal computer network.

A

An integrated package is a type of operating system software appropriate for a personal computer network.

An integrated package is a bundle of application software, not operating system software, usually with similar user interfaces. A common package includes a word processor, a spreadsheet, and presentation software. Without operating system software, a personal computer or network will not function. Language translation software translates computer code written in human-readable language into machine language (binary code).

An integrated package is a type of operating system software appropriate for a personal computer network. Is this statement true?
ChatGPT
No, the statement is not true. An integrated package is not a type of operating system software. An integrated package typically refers to a software suite that includes multiple applications or programs designed to work together for various tasks, such as office productivity suites like Microsoft Office or LibreOffice. Operating system software, on the other hand, is responsible for managing the hardware and providing a platform for running software applications on a computer or network. They serve different purposes in the computing environment.

58
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)?

A Every TCP/IP-supported transmission is an exchange of funds.
B TCP/IP networks are limited to large mainframe computers.
C Every site connected to a TCP/IP network has a unique address.
D The actual physical connections among the various networks are limited to TCP/IP ports.

A

Every site connected to a TCP/IP network has a unique address.

An IP number is a unique number (like an address) assigned to a computer in a network. TCP/IP-supported transmissions include such activities as viewing web pages. Personal computers may access the Internet. TCP/IP is a communications protocol designed to network dissimilar systems. An IP port is a number assigned to user sessions and server applications rather than hardware. Editor Note: The editors recommend that candidates avoid responses with unfamiliar terms, as they rarely are correct.

Yes, every device or site connected to a TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) network typically has a unique address known as an IP (Internet Protocol) address. An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device on a network to identify it and facilitate communication within the network and across the internet.

There are two primary versions of IP addresses:

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical addresses represented in a dotted-decimal format (e.g., 192.168.1.1). This format allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses. However, due to the rapid growth of the internet and the exhaustion of available IPv4 addresses, IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce, and many organizations are transitioning to IPv6.

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6): IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numerical addresses represented in hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space, allowing for an almost infinite number of unique IP addresses, which is essential to support the growing number of internet-connected devices.

Every device, whether it’s a computer, smartphone, server, router, or any other networked device, is assigned a unique IP address within its network. Additionally, websites and online services hosted on servers also have unique IP addresses that can be used to locate and access them on the internet.

It’s important to note that public IP addresses are used to identify devices on the global internet, while private IP addresses are used within local networks (e.g., home or office networks) and are not directly accessible from the internet. Network address translation (NAT) is often used to allow multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address for internet connectivity.

No, the actual physical connections among various networks are not limited to TCP/IP ports. TCP/IP ports are a higher-level abstraction used in the software layer of networking to facilitate communication between devices over a network. Physical connections among networks involve the lower-level hardware and physical infrastructure that enables data to be transmitted between devices and networks.

59
Q

Which of the following technologies is specifically designed to exchange financial information over the World Wide Web?

A Hypertext markup language (HTML)
B Extensible business reporting language (XBRL)
C Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
D Extensible Markup Language (XML)

A

Extensible business reporting language (XBRL)

Extensible business reporting language (XBRL) is an open-information format standard enabling automated sharing of financial information contained in financial statements and other business reports over the World Wide Web.

A) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):
HTML is a standardized markup language used to create and structure content on the World Wide Web. It consists of tags that define the elements and formatting of web pages, such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and more. Browsers interpret HTML to render web pages visually for users.

B) Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL):
XBRL is a standardized markup language designed for the electronic exchange of business and financial data. It provides a way to structure and tag financial information, making it easier to analyze and share financial reports and statements. XBRL is commonly used for regulatory reporting and financial transparency.

C) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
HTTP is a protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers over the internet. It defines the rules for requesting and transmitting web resources, such as web pages, images, and documents. HTTP is the foundation of the World Wide Web, enabling the retrieval of content from websites.

D) Extensible Markup Language (XML):
XML is a versatile markup language that allows users to define their own customized markup tags for structuring and encoding data in a human-readable format. It is often used for data interchange between systems and applications because of its flexibility and self-descriptive nature. XML is not limited to any specific domain and can represent a wide range of data types and structures.

Which one is specifically designed to exchange financial information?
ChatGPT
B) Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)

XBRL is specifically designed for the electronic exchange of financial and business information. It provides a standardized way to structure and tag financial data, making it easier to share, analyze, and compare financial reports and statements. XBRL is widely used for regulatory reporting, financial transparency, and the efficient exchange of financial information among businesses, government agencies, and financial institutions.

60
Q

Which statement about blockchain is false?

A Once records are submitted on the blockchain, they cannot be altered.
B Blockchain’s primary security measure is its decentralization of records, where a transaction between party A and party B has no link to any other transaction.
C Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of payment within the blockchain. All transactions are chronological.
D Blockchain has a central banking authority, much like the Federal Reserve

A

Blockchain has a central banking authority, much like the Federal Reserve.

Blockchain does not have a central banking authority. Its purpose was the exact opposite, to create a decentralized peer-to-peer payment network.

It does not have a central banking authority like the Federal Reserve. Instead, blockchain relies on distributed ledger technology, where multiple participants (nodes) maintain and validate the ledger collectively. Transactions are recorded in a decentralized and trustless manner without the need for a central governing body.

61
Q

XBRL has which of the following features?
A XBRL tags define the data.
B XBRL is interchangeable with HTML.
C XBRL does not require the use of tags.
D XBRL is interchangeable with SQL.

A

XBRL tags define the data.

Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is an open-information format standard enabling automated sharing of financial information contained in financial statements and other business reports over the World Wide Web.

XBRL tags numeric and textual information contained in financial statements. XBRL makes it easier for investors and analysts to retrieve information from the SEC system, Electronic Data-Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR).

XBRL is not interchangeable with HTML or SQL. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard language that is used to format files for Internet display, e.g. web pages and applications whereas SQL is mainly used to manage relational databases and to carry out functional operations on datasets. XBRL is used to tag Financial Data.

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is a standardized markup language used for reporting financial and business data. One of its primary features is that XBRL tags define the data. In XBRL, financial and business information is tagged with specific XML tags that provide context and meaning to the data. These tags allow for the structured and standardized representation of financial statements, reports, and other business information, making it easier for computers to process and analyze the data.

The other options (B, C, D) are not accurate descriptions of XBRL. XBRL is not interchangeable with HTML or SQL, and it does require the use of tags to define and structure the data it represents.