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CLINICAL PATHOLOGY > 9 – WBC 3 > Flashcards

9 – WBC 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukemia?

A
  • Presence of neoplastic cells in blood
    o *any hematopoietic cell line, including erythroid
  • Bone marrow also contains neoplastic cells
  • Chronic or acute
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2
Q

Chronic leukemia

A
  • Cells are mature (can easily be IDed)
  • Indole course of disease
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3
Q

Acute leukemia

A
  • Cells are immature (often difficult to ID)
  • Animal will die soon without treatment
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4
Q

Since bone marrow is affected in leukemia, what might you see?

A
  • Cytopenias
    o Persistently non-regenerative anemia (may need a couple CBCs)
    o Neutropenia (no left shift as bone marrow is shut down)
    o Thrombocytopenia
  • if see 2=bicytopenia
  • *if all 3=pancytopenia
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5
Q

When might you see a neutropenia?

A
  • Transient (hopefully)
    o Peracute inflammation
    o Acute, severe inflammation (Degenerative left shift)
    o Normal variation (re-check on a different day)
  • **Persistent
    o Immune-mediated
    o Idiopathic
    o **bone marrow disorders
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6
Q

Bone marrow disorder and neutropenia

A
  • *infectious agents (especially viral)
  • Drugs/toxins/radiation
  • Immune-mediated
  • Necrosis/fibrosis
  • Neoplasia
  • Genetic disorders (ex. cyclic neutropenia of gray collies)
    o Very vulnerable to infection when neutrophils are LOW
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7
Q

Blood cell half-lives: what will you see first and then what follows?

A
  • Neutrophils: 10-15hrs
  • Platelets: 5-7 days
  • RBCs: 110-120days
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8
Q

When talking about bone marrow disorder causing neutropenia, what are you normally referring to?

A
  • *Stem cell injury
    1. Reversible
    a. Acute, transient
    b. Varying duration
    2. Irreversible
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9
Q

Reversible stem cell injury: acute and transient CLASSIC EXAMPLES

A
  • Canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia/parvovirus infection
  • Rapidly dividing cells: bone marrow, GIT
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10
Q

Why do you see neutropenia in canine parvovirus (etc)?

A
  • Stem cell injury and failure of production
    o Affects ALL cell lines, but only see neutropenia due to transient injury
  • Neutrophil consumption in GIT (due to inflammation)
    o Often see inflammatory leukogram with marrow recovery
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11
Q

Reversible stem cell injury: varying duration CLASSIC EXAMPLES

A
  • Chemotherapeutic drugs and estrogen
  • Idiosyncratic drug reaction
  • Ehrlichia (infectious agent)
  • *longer durations=other cytopenias may develop
  • *irreversible injury may also occur
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12
Q

Irreversible stem cell injury

A
  • LONG duration means other cytopenias develop
    o Thrombocytopenia, non-regenerative anemia
  • Neutropenia=vulnerable to chronic infections
  • *monitor for signs of marrow recovery
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13
Q

When should you do a bone marrow evaluation?

A
  • If persistent, unexplained:
    o Neutropenia
    o Non-regenerative anemia
    o Thrombocytopenia
  • *need to evaluate CBC at same time (peripheral blood)
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14
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of eosinophilia (+ 3 more)?

A
  1. Parasitism
  2. Allergic/hypersensitivity disorders
  3. Paraneoplastic
  4. Idiopathic
  5. Eosinophil leukemia
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15
Q

Paraneoplastic eosinophilia

A
  • Secondary to lymphosarcoma or mast cell neoplasia
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16
Q

Idiopathic eosinophilia

A
  • Infiltrative eosinophilic organ disease
  • Ex. bronchopnuemopathy, myositis, gastroenteritis
  • Hypereosinophilc syndrome
17
Q

Eosinophilia

A
  • Tissue eosinophilia may NOT be reflected in peripheral blood
    o Eosinophils reside in blood
    o Parasites in tissues=evoke a greater response than parasites in blood or intestinal lumen
18
Q

What are the causes of basophilia?

A
  • Parasitism and allergic/hypersensitivity disorders
    o *Often eosinophils increased as well
  • Basophil leukemia
  • Other hematopoietic neoplasia
19
Q

What are the causes of monocytosis?

A
  • Increased tissue demand for phagocytic cells
    o Inflammation, necrosis, granuloma, IM disease, neoplasia, trauma
    o *become macrophages in tissues
  • Physiologic, steroid leukogram
  • Monocytic leukogram (UNCOMMON)
20
Q

What are the causes of lymphocytosis?

A
  • Physiologic
  • Vaccination
  • Young animals
  • Chronic antigen stimulation: Ehrichia
  • **lymphocytic leukemia
    o CLL (chronic) or ALL (acute)
  • (hypoadrenocorticism: may or may not have a stress leukogram)
21
Q

What are the causes of lymphopenia?

A
  • **stress/steroid therapy
  • Leakage of chyle
  • Immunodeficiency
    o Ex. immunosuppressive drugs, radiation
    o Hereditary immunodeficiencies
22
Q

Why might we see a bicytopenia with a lymphocytic leukemia?

A
  • Bone marrow is making all the neoplastic cells=SPACE OCCUPYING MASS
    o Other precursors are being PUSHED out as the cancer is taking over

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (9 decks)

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