9: Water and Air

Question 1

Water cycle

Answer 1

Evaporation —> condensation —> predipitation

Question 2

Water distribution

Answer 2

71% - of the earth’s surface
97% - salt water in the oceans and seas
77% - freshwater is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps
small % - liquid freshwater (f.w we used are mainly from lakes and rivers)

Question 3

river systems

Answer 3

network of streams and rivers across the land

Question 4

watershed

Answer 4

area of land that is drained by a river

Question 5

groundwater

Answer 5

water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations

Question 6

water table

Answer 6

a level where rocks and soils are saturated with water. Forms the upper boundary of an aquifer

Question 7

Aquifer

Answer 7

an underground formation that contains groundwater.
consists of materials: rock , sand, gravel

Question 8

Porosity

Answer 8

amount of space between the particles that make up a rock

Question 9

permeability

Answer 9

ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through

Question 10

Recharge zone

Answer 10

area where water percolates down into the aquifer

Question 11

3 major global water use and %

Answer 11

1. residential - 8%
2. agricultural - 67%
3. industrial - 19%

Question 12

Industrial Water use

Answer 12

Used to manufacture good, dispose of water, and generate power
1,000L –> 1kg of aluminum
500,000 –> manufacture of a car
huge amount required to produce computer chips and semi-conductor

Question 13

ways water loss in agri

Answer 13

evaporation, seepage, and runoff

Question 14

Agricultural Water Use

Answer 14

300L –> 1 ear of corn
80% of water evaporates even b4 reaching plant roots

Question 15

Water conservation in Agri

Answer 15

Drip Irrigation system

Question 16

Drip Irrigation system

Answer 16

deliver small amount of water directly to plant roots by using perforated tubing

Question 17

Water conservation in Industry

Answer 17

recycling of cooling water and wastewater

Question 18

Water conservation at home

Answer 18

Water-saving tech: low-flow toilets and showers

Question 19

Water pollution

Answer 19

intro of chemical, physical, and biological agents into water that degrade water quality and affect the organisms that depend on the water

Question 20

2 major causes of water pollution

Answer 20

1. industrialization and
2. rapid human population growth

Question 21

Point-ource pollution

Answer 21

pollution discharged from a single source, can often be traced to a source

Question 22

Sources of point pollution

Answer 22

leaking septic tank system
unlined landfills
water discharged by industries
public and industrial waste water treatment plants
polluted water from abandoned and active mines

Question 23

Nonpoint-source pollution

Answer 23

came from many different sources that often difficult to identify; enter bodies of water in diff ways- difficult to regulate and control

Question 24

Nonpoint- sources pollution (ex)

Answer 24

chemicals added to road surfaces(salt and de-icing agents)
pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers
precipitation containing air pollutants
oil and gasoline from personal watercraft
soil runoff from farms and construction sites

Question 25

Principal water pollutants

Answer 25

1. Pathogens - disease-causing organisms
2. Organic matter - animal and plant matter remains
3. Organic chemicals - pesticides, fertilizers, plastic detergents
4. Inorganic chemicals - acids, bases, and industrial chems
5. Heavy metals - lead, mercury, cadmium
6. Physical agents - heat and suspended solids

Question 26

Primary pollutant

Answer 26

pollutant put directly into the air by human activities

Question 27

secondary pollutants

Answer 27

forms when a primary pollutant comes into contact with another primary pollutant/ naturally occurring substance (e.g water vapor)
ex. ground-level ozone forms when emission from vehicles reacts with UV rays, then mix with Oxygen in the atm

Question 28

Primary air pollutants

Answer 28

1. Carbon Monoxide (CO color/odorless, poisonous gas, incomplete burning of fossil fuels)
2. Nitrogen oxide (NO, combustion temp exceed 538C, nitro + oxy = NO
3. Sulfur dioxide (SO_2, chemical interaction bet sulfur and oxygen)
4. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs, organic chews that vaporize readily and form toxic fumes)
5. Particulate matter (PM, tiny particles of solid/liquid matter)

Question 29

Primary sources of Carbon Monoxide

Answer 29

Vehicles, small engines, and industrial processes

Question 30

Primary sources of NO

Answer 30

burning fuels in vehicles, powerplants, and industrial boilers

Question 31

Primary sources of SO_2

Answer 31

burning fossil fuels

Question 32

VOCs

Answer 32

burning fossil fuels, vehicles

Question 33

Primary sources of PM

Answer 33

construction, agri, forestry, and fires and vehicles and industrial processed

Question 34

Emission from motor vehicle

Answer 34

1/3 of air pollution - gasoline burned by vehicles

Question 35

Air pollution by Industry

Answer 35

power plant emit 2/3 of all SO_2 and more than 1/3 of all NO that pollute air

Question 36

to regulate air pollution from industry

Answer 36

1. Scrubbers- a machine that moves gases through a spray of water that dissolves many pollutants.
   - removing some harmful substances that would pollute the air
2. Electrostatic precipitators- machines used to cement factories and coal-burning powerplants to remove dust particles from smokestacks.

Question 37

Smog

Answer 37

from chemical reactions - involve sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone

Question 38

The main cause of smog

Answer 38

pollutants released by vehicles and industries

Question 39

temperature inversions

Answer 39

Traps pollution near the earth’s surface.
The air above is warmer than the air below. It keeps the cooler air at the surface from moving upward

Question 40

Acid precipitation

Answer 40

contains a high concentration of acids
burning fossil fuels = oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
oxides + water in the atm = sulfuric + nitric acids

Question 41

PH scale

Answer 41

measures the basicity or acidity of a substance