9. Strategies of Enhancement in Food produciton Flashcards
What is animal husbandry
It is the agricultural practice of raising livestock
What does animal husbandry deal with?
Drawls with the care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes,cows , pigs , sheep etc
Extended it also includes fisheries , molluscs crustacean etc
It is estimated that more than ——- percentage of worlds ——— is in India and China
70
livestock
What percentage of world produce from livestock is by india and China ?
25 percent
What is diary management ?
It is the management of animals for milk and it’s products for hum consumption
What do we deal with in diary farm management ?
Processes and systems to increase the yield
Improve quality of milk
What does the milk yield primarily depend on ?
Quality of breeds
Quality of better breeds with combined resistance to diseases is very important
What do we need to do to reach teh yield potential ?
Housed well
Adequate water
Maintained disease free
Quality and quantity of fodder necessary with scientific way of nourishment
Stringent cleanliness and hygiene of both CATTLE AND HANDLER is very important
Regular visit to the veterinary doctor is important
Do we need to ensure the hygiene of both handler and the cow for diary ?
Yes
What is operation flood based on ?
To increase the production of milk
What is silver revolution ?
Increase the production of egg
What is poultry ?
Class of domesticated fowls birds for food and their eggs
Normally chicken , duck ,turkey ,geese’s
What does the word poultry refer to often ?
It often refers to meat
What is necessary for diary farming ?
Disease free and suitable breeds
Safe farm conditions
Proper feed and water
Hygeine and health care
Can bird flu spread via bird meat?
No it does not spread via meat but rather from the birds from their breathe
What is an important aspect of animal husbandry?
Breeding of animals
What is the aim of animal husbandry?
Increase the yield of animals
Improving desirable character
What is breed ?
A group of animals related by descent and similar in most character like general appearance , features , size , configuration etc
What is inbreeding ?
See between same family (4-6 generation) and breed
What is teh breeding strategy in inbreeding ?
Superior males and superior female sexual in same breed
Cow /buffaloes with better milk production
Bull with superior build
Gives superior progeny
What is the disadvantage of inbreeding ?
Inbreeding depression
Reduced fertility
How is fertility restored in inbreeding?
By out cross , sex with another family of some breed
What is the use of selection in each step in inbreeding ?
To incerease the productivity
What is the use / advantage of inbreeding ?
Used for developing pure lines of any animals
Increases the exposure to harmful recessive alleles
Helps in accumulation of superiori genes
Selection takes place in each step to increase production
What are the three types of out breeding ?
Outcrops
Cross breeding
Interspecific
What is outbreeding ?
Cross between different family of same or different breeds
What is out cross ?
What is best used for except infertility cure ?
Cross between same breed But different family
It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity , growth rate of beef etc
How many outcross needed to remove the infertility due to inbreeding ?
Just a single outcross can cure it
What is crossbreeding
Superior mail of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed
When is crossbreeding most desirable?
cross breeding allows the desirable qualities of two breeds to become by the progeny have been made themselves be used for commercial production
How are new breeds made by cross be
Reeding ? Give an examples of this ?
By cross two breeds to combine character and then inbreed them to get a pure line and a better superior breed
Hisardale - Marino rams and bikaneri ewes
Between whom is interspecific breeding is done ?
Between two different related species
Who is mom and dad of mule ?
Father - donkey
Mother - horse
How are controlled breeding experiment taken place ?
By artificial insemination
The semen may be stored or may be used instantly
It can be easily transported to where the female is without the bull
How is the success rate of artificial ? What is done to improve ipthis ?
It is fairly low
MOËT is used to improve the chances
What hormone is used for MOËT . What does it lead to ?
The cow is administered with hormones that have FSH like ability
It leads to increases in follicular maturation and super ovulation - instead of one egg many eggs
How many eggs per cycle in MOËT ?
6-8 eggs are produced per cycle
How is the cow fertilized in MOËT ?
By either mating with bull or by artificial insemination
MOËT :
The fertilized egg at —— cell stage are recovered ———- and transferred to surrogate mothers
8-32 cell stage
Non surgically
Is the genetic mother available for another round of super ovulation or need to wait for calf to grow properly ?
No
In which animals is the MOËT used.?
Is is used for cattle ,sheep , rabbit , buffaloes , mares
What kind of female and male is used to MOËT ?
females : better milk production or not
Male with what kind of meat be specific ?
Female with better milk production
Male with lean meat and less lipid
What is apiculture?
Keeping bee for honey and bees wax.
Apiculture is an age old ————-industry
Cottage industry
What is use of honey upnutrishional value and use of beeswax ?
Honey : high nutritious value and finds it’s use in indeginous medicine .
Beeswax : preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds
What has led to the large scale beekeeping practices ?
The increase demand a funny has led to the large scale be keeping practises it has become an established income generating industry whether practice on a smaller large-scale
Where can bee keeping be done?
Where there is sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs
Fruit orchards
Cultivated crops
Beehives can be kept in verandah
Which is the most common bee keeping species
Apis indicana
Beekeeping be done in Veranda or roof of the house ?
Yes
Bee keeping is a labour intensive work?
No
Does bee keeping require some special knowledge ?
Yes
What are some important skills for bee keeping ?
1) knowledge of nature of bees
2) selection of suitable location for bees
3) catching and hiving of swarms
4) management of beehive during different seasons
5) handling and collection of honey and beeswax
What are some of the common plant species pollinated by bees ?
Sunflower , brassica , apple and pear
What happens when we keep beehives neat crop field during ——— season ?
Flowering season
Increases the pollination efficiency and inproves the yield of honey
Beneficial for both
Wheat is fisheries ?
Is an industry devoted to catching , processing or selling of fish selfish or other aquatic animals ,
What are the important animals used in fisheries ?
Prawn , crab, lobster , oyester
Give name of some common freshwater fishes ?
Catla , rohu, common carp
Give some examples of some common marine aquatic animals used for fisheries ?
Hilda , sardines , mackerel and pomfrets
Whom do fisheries provide income to ?
To the agricularal , fisherman etc in the coastal areas.
What is the difference between pisciculture and awuaculture ?
Pisciculture: limited to only fishes
Aquaculture : not just limited to fish but also to algae and insects and molluscs.
What is blue revolution .
Increase in teh amount of fisheries production
What is plant breeding? Why do we need it rather than traditional farming ?
It is a the purposeful manipulation of plant species I order to create desired plants Tyler’s that are better suited for cultivation, to give bettter yields and disease resistant .
Is a technology has helped increase in very large extent .
Traditional farming can only yield a limited biomass as food for humans and animals
How has the Green Revolution health us?
Green Revolution has helped us to not only meet all countries need of food but also to export it
Was green revolution depend on plant variety ?
Yes it was dependant to a large extent on the PLANT BREEDING TECHNIQUES for development. Of high yeilding and disease resistant variety in wheats, rice m maize
Till when has has the conventional breeding in plants dated fro:?
9,000 to 11,000 BC
What resulted in teh many present day crops ?
The domestication of ancient varieties has led to the many present day crops
Today all our major food crops are deriveddd from domisticated varieties.
True
What are teh steps innvolved in classical plant breeding ?
Crossing or hybridisation of pure lines ,
Followed by artificial selection to prodcuce Plants with desirable traits of higher yield
Nutrition and resistant to disease
How is plant breeding done nowadays?
With the help of molecular biology and tissue cultures and molecular genetics tools
What are the traits that we tried to incorporate in thr plant corps ?
Higher yield Improved quality Increase tolerance to environment Resistant to pathogen Resistant to pests insects
Who carries out plant breeding varieties?
Government institution and commercial companies
What are the order of steps of plant breeding g?
1) collection of germ plasm
2) evaluation and selection of parents
3) cross hybridisation between selected parents
4) selection and testing of superior I recombinant
5) testing and release and commercialisation of new cultivators
What is the root of any breeding programme ?
Genetic variability
Where do we get the genetic variabili commonly from ?
From their wild relatives
What is germ plasm collection ?
The entire collection of plant / seeds having all the diverse ales for all genes in a given crop is called germ plasm collection
What is done in second step in plant hybridisation? Evaluation and selection of parents?
Indenting plants with desirable character
Pure lines are created whenever possible
What is the longest step in plant hybridisation ?
Vibration and on selected parent is the tedious process a few hundred to thousand process sure the desirable combination
Which steps yield plants that are superior to both parent s?
Selection and testing of superiori recombinant s
Which is the most crucial step in plant hybridisation?
Selection Action process is the most crucial step in plant habitation
In which step is homozygous hybrids creasted ?
Selection and testing of superiori recombinant
What is done in this test testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars?
Evaluation is done by growing season research feeling recording their performance and under ideal fertilisers .etc
What is the last step in plant hybridisation?
Samples are given to farmers and asked them to grow for three growing seasons on several locations in the country and the place which is most suitable for its cultivation is selected
What percentage of India’s GDP is accounted by agriculture and what percentage of the population is involved in agriculture?
Approximately 33% of India’s GDP
62 percentage of popolat
When did green revolution in happen what led to the discovery of the new varieties of plants with higher yield ?
Green revolution happened in mid-1960s as a result of various plan breeding techniques
Name some plants made in India with better yeild made in India ?
Maize , wheat , garden peas
By how much did the production of wheat and rice increase in India from 1960 to 200 ?
Wheat : 11-75 million tonne
Rice : 35-89.5 million tonne
Why did the production of rice increase and wheat increase in India from 1960 to 2000 ?
This was die the development of semi dwarf variety of wheat and rice
Who won the Nobel prize . Related to green revolution which company did he belong to ? What plant did he make ?
Norman E Borlaug
at International Center of a wheat and maize improvement in Mexico
Developed semi dwarf variety of wheat
When and what were dithering different types of plant variety introduced in India in the wheat growing belt ?
What were their speciality ?
In 1963 Sonali’s and Kalyan Sona
High yeilding
Disease resistant
What were the parents of the semi dwarf variety of rice introduced in India and when ?
1966 ,
IR-8 and Taichung Nawtive 1
What are the origin of IR-8 and Taichung Nawtive 1 .
IR-8 : developed in Internationla Rice Research Institute
Taichung Native 1 : from Taiwan
What were the better rice yeilding varieties introduced in India .
Jaya and Ratna
Sugar cane production ? North India and south India difference ?
North India : Saccharum Barberi
Thin and poor sugar content
South India : saccharum officinarum
Thick and high sugar content
What was done to improve sugar cane production in north India ?
Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum we’re crossed to get a variety that could be grown in north India and hand teh qualities like South Indian variety
What are the examples of millets ?
Hybrid maize , Jowar, bajra
How much average crop is lost due to a pathogen ?
20 -30 percent
Give some examples of disease caused by fungi in plant ?
Rust : brown rust ,
red rot of sugarcane , late blight of potato
Give some examples of disease by bacteria in plant
Black rot of crucifers
Give examples of disease caused by virus ?
Tobacco mosaic virus
Turnip mosaic virus
What are the various steps to make disease resistant varieties of plant ?
Screening of germ plasm Selection of disease resistant source Hybrid of selected parents Selection and evaluation of hybrids Release new variety
