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Tissues > 9. Signalling between cells II > Flashcards

9. Signalling between cells II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Ionotropic receptor signal transduction events

A
  1. Ligand binds to the receptor protein
  2. Change in conformation of channel protein: opens pore
  3. Pore allows ions to move in or out of cell according to their respective concentration gradients
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2
Q

Give 2 examples of ionotropic receptors.

A

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

GABAA Receptor

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3
Q

Describe the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

A

Ligand: Acetylcholine (ACh)
Location: Skeletal muscle
Physiological effect: Muscle contraction

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4
Q

Describe the GABAA receptor

A

Ligand: gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Location: Neuronal
Physiological effect: decrease neuronal excitability

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5
Q

Describe the activation process of a G-protein coupled receptor

A

Ligand binds and changes conformation of the receptor
Unassocciated G protein binds to the intracellular part of receptor (it has a GDP bound to it)
GDP is exchanged for GTP
GTP allows the dissociation of the alpha subunit and the beta-gamma subunit of the G protein
Subunits bind to target proteins
Once the alpha subunit has fulfilled its function, GTPase activity on dephosphorylates GTP to GDP
Allows alpha subunit to dissociate from target protein and reform the heterotrimer with GDP attached

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6
Q

What is a G-protein coupled receptor?

A

Heterotrimeric of alpha, beta and gamma chains with a GDP attached

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of G alpha subunits?

A

G alpha S
G alpha I
G alpha Q

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8
Q

What is the function of G alpha S?

A

Stimulates adenyl cyclase
Converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates PKA

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9
Q

Give an example of action of G alpha S

A

Beta-1- adrenergic receptor in sympathetic nervous system

Increases heart rate and force of contraction

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10
Q

What is the function of G alpha I?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

Thus, reduces levels of PKA

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11
Q

Give an example of action of G alpha I

A

M-2- muscarinic receptor in parasympathetic nervous system

Decreases heart rate

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12
Q

What is the function of G alpha Q?

A 
Stimulates phospholipase C (PLC)
Converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG 
IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release
DAG activates PKC
Important in smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction
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13
Q

Give an example of action of G alpha Q

A

AT-1 angiotensin receptor

Causes vasoconstriction

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14
Q

Describe the action of enzyme-linked receptors.

A

Ligand binds to the receptors, causes receptor clustering
Clustering of receptors activates intracellular enzymes,
Enzymes phosphorylate receptor which leads to binding of signalling proteins to cytoplasmic domain
Signalling proteins recruit other signalling proteins, generate a signal

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of enzyme-linked receptor?

A

Tyrosine Kinase (95%)
Guanylyl-Cyclase
Serine-Threonine Kinase

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16
Q

Describe the insulin receptor (CD220 antigen)

A

Ligand: Insulin

Physiological effect: Glucose uptake

17
Q

Describe the ErbB receptor

A

Ligand: Epidermal Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor beta
Physiological effect: Cell growth, proliferation

18
Q

Describe a guanylyl-cyclase linked receptor

A

NPRA
Ligand: Atrial/ Brain natriuretic peptide
Physiological effects: Vasodilation, decreases BP
=diagnostic marker

19
Q

Describe a Sea/Thr-kinase linked receptor

A

T-beta-R1
Ligand: Transforming growth factor beta
Physiological effect: Apoptosis

20
Q

Describe the action of Type 1 Intracellular Receptors

A

Located in cytosolic compartment, bound to heatshock proteins (chaperone molecules)
Ligands (usually steroids as permeable) pass through the membrane and bind to the receptor, causes dissociation from heatshock protein
2 hormone bound receptors form a homodimer
Homodimer translocates to the nucleus and bind to the DNA
Causes increased/ decreased transcription (slow)

21
Q

Describe the action of Type 2 Intracellular Receptors

A

Located in nucleus, already bound to DNA
Ligand passes through the membrane and through the nuclear envelope
Binds to the receptor causing changes in transcription

22
Q

Give an example of a Type 1 Intracellular Receptor.

State its ligands and physiological effects

A 
Glucocorticoid receptor
Ligands: Cortisol, corticosterone
Physiological effect: 
Downregulates Immune response
Increases Gluconeogenesis
23
Q

Give an example of a Type 2 Intracellular Receptor. State its ligands and physiological effects.

A

Thyroid hormone receptor
Ligand: Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
Physiological effect: Growth and development

Tissues (11 decks)

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