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Anatomy and Physiology > 9. Nervous system > Flashcards

9. Nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

mening-

A

membrane

meninges: membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

ax-

A

axis

axon: cylindrical nerve fiber that carries impulses away from a neuron cell body.

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2
Q

gangli-

A

a swelling

ganglion: mass of neuron cell bodies

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3
Q

-lemm

A

rind or peel

neurilemma: sheath that surrounds the myelin of a nerve cell axon.

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4
Q

moto-

A

moving

motor neuron: neuron that stimulates a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete.

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5
Q

dendr-

A

tree

dendrite: branched nerve cell process that serves as a receptor surface of a neuron

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6
Q

peri-

A

around

peripheral nervous system: Portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

plex-

A

interweaving

choroid plexus: mass of specialized capillaries associated with spaces in the brain.

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8
Q

sens-

A

feeling

sensory neuron: Neuron that conducts impulses into the brain or spinal cord

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9
Q

syn-

A

together

synapse: Junction between two neurons

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10
Q

Ventr-

A

belly or stomach

ventricle: fluid-filled space in the brain.

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11
Q

These may be numerous and receive electrochemical messages.

A

Dendrites

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12
Q

These cells are the main functional units of the nervous system and are specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings

A

Neurons (or nerve cells)

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13
Q

Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes, often called ________. This allows them to ____________ with other neurons and with _______ outside the nervous system.

A

Nerve impulses. Communicate. Cells

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14
Q

Neurons typically have a rounded area called the _______. They have these two types of extensions:

A

Cell body. Dendrites and Axons

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15
Q

Extensions that send information in the form of nerve impulses

A

Axons

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16
Q

Usually, a neuron has how many axons?

A

1

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17
Q

Nervous tissue also includes _______ . This provides physical support, insulation and nutrients for neurons.

A

Neuroglia

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18
Q

Organ group consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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19
Q

funi-

A

small cord of fiber

funiculus: Major nerve tract or bundle of myelinated nerve cell axons in the spinal cord.

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20
Q

Group composed of the nerves (bundles of axons) that connect the central nervous system to other body parts

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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21
Q

What are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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22
Q

What three general functions do the CNS and PNS provide?

A

Sensory, integrative, and motor

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23
Q

Location where nerve impulses are integrated.

A

CNS

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24
Q

What are the two major types of cells that form nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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25
Q

These receptors gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body. They are located at the ends of the _______ neurons.

A

Sensory Receptors. Peripheral

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26
Q

The nervous system receives information from _______ ________ and initiates responses through _______ organs (muscles and glands).

A

sensory receptors. effector.

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27
Q

Sensory receptors convert environmental information into ______ _______, which are then transmitted over ________ nerves to the ____________.

A

nerve impulses. peripheral. central nervous system.

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28
Q

As a result of integrative function, we make conscious or unconscious decisions and use ______ ________ to act on them.

A

Motor Functions

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29
Q

The PNS consists of these nerves

A

Cranial and Spinal

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30
Q

PNS is divided into these two subgroups:

A

Sensory division and Motor Divisioin

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31
Q

When signals are brought together, creating sensations, adding to memory or helping produce thoughts that translate sensations into perceptions the signals are ________

A

integrated.

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32
Q

PNS division that uses sensory receptors:

A

Sensory Division

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33
Q

PNS division that uses the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

A

Motor Division

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34
Q

The Somatic Nervous system uses _______ muscles.

A

Skeletal

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35
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System uses _______ muscle and _______ muscle and _______.

A

Smooth. Cardiac. Glands.

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36
Q

responsive structures outside the nervous system that include muscles and glands whose actions are either controlled or modified by nerve impulses.

A

Effectors

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37
Q

Motor functions that are under voluntary (conscious) control compose the ___________. It controls this type of muscle:

A

Somatic Nervous System, Skeletal

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38
Q

Division of the PNS that controls effectors that are involuntary, such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and various glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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39
Q

How do sensory receptors collect information?

A

By detecting changes inside and outside the body. They monitor external environmental factors such as light, sound and conditions of the internal environment such as temperature and oxygen level.

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40
Q

How does the central nervous system integrate incoming information?

A

it integrates them by: bringing signals together, creating sensations, adding to memory , or helping produce thoughts that translate sensations into perceptions.

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41
Q

What are two types of motor functions of the nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.

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42
Q

These are part of a neuron that provide structural frameworks, produce components of the electrical insulator _______ and carry on _________.

A

Neuroglia. Myelin. Phagocytosis.

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43
Q

What are the four types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Microglial Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells

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44
Q

Form an epithelial-like membrane that covers specialized brain parts (choroid _______) and form inner linings that enclose spaces in the brain (________) and spinal cord (______ _______)

A

Ependymal Cells

Plexuses. Ventricles. Central Canal.

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45
Q

Provide insulating layers of myelin called _____ _______ around axons within the brain and spinal cord. The align along nerve fibers.

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES.

Myelin sheath.

46
Q

Provide structural support, join parts by their abundant cellular processes and help regulate the concentrations of nutrients and ions within the tissue. Also form ____ ______ that fills spaces following injury to the CNS. Commonly found between ______ and _____ _______.

A

Astrocytes

Scar Tissue. Neurons and Blood vessels.

47
Q

Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris and form scars in areas of damage. Scattered throughout the central nervous system.

A

Microglial cells.

48
Q 
List the functions of the cells that support neurons:
Microglial Cells:
Oligodendrocytes:
Astrocytes:
Ependymal cells:
A

Microglial Cell: Phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. Form scars in areas of damage.

Oligodendrocyte: provide myelin sheaths around axons within the brain and spinal chord.

Astrocyte: structural support. Help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions within the tissue. Also form scar tissue following injury to the CNS.

Ependymal Cells: Covers specialized brain parts. Form inner linings that enclose spaces in the brain and spinal cord.

49
Q

Distinguish between the types of neuroglia in the central nervous system.

A

Both Astrocytes and Microglial cells form scar tissue and each have their own specialized functions. Oligodendrocytes provide insulation whereas Ependymal Cells cover specialized brain parts.

50
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Produce a myelin sheath around axons of myelinated neurons.

51
Q

Fast growing gliomas are brain tumors consisting of rapidly dividing ________ (_____ do not divide).

A

neuroglia. Neurons.

52
Q

Distinguish between a dendrite and an axon

A

Dendrites are tree like structures that receive nerve impulses (electrochemical messages) and axons are extensions that SEND information in the form of nerve impulses.

53
Q

Describe the components of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. tubular, cytoplasm-filled Dendrites (conduct nerve impulses to the neuron cell body)
  3. Axon: conduct impulses away from the cell body.
54
Q

Describe how a myelin sheath forms

A

Formed by Schwann Cells. These cells wind tightly around axons, coating them with many layers of cell membrane that have little or no cytoplasm between them.

55
Q

Explain why axons of peripheral nerves can regenerate but axons of central system nerves cannot

A

duuuhhh…

56
Q

Name three groups of neurons based on structure and three groups based on function

A

durrrr

57
Q

cylindrical nerve fiber that carries impulses away from a neuron cell body.

A

axon

58
Q

branched nerve cell process that serves as a receptor surface of a neuron

A

dendrite

59
Q

major nerve tract or bundle of myelinated nerve cell axons in the spinal cord

A

funiculus

60
Q

mass of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglion

61
Q

Sheath that surrounds the myelin of a nerve cell axon

A

neuriLEMMA

62
Q

membraneous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

63
Q

neuron that stimulates a muscle to contract or a gland to secrete

A

motor neuron

64
Q

Portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

65
Q

Mass of specialized capillaries associated with spaces in the brain

A

choroid plexus

66
Q

neuron that conducts impulses into the brain or spinal cord

A

sensory neuron

67
Q

Junction between two neurons

A

synapse

68
Q

Fluid-filled space in the brain

A

ventricle

69
Q

List the 4 functions of the cells that support neurons (short answer). They are specific to which nervous system?

A

The neuroglia Fill spaces, provide structural frame works, produce components of the electrical insulator, MYELIN, and carry on phagocytosis. CNS.

70
Q

Narrow gaps between Schwann Cells are called…

A

nodes of Ranvier

71
Q

What kind of axons are in the CNS that appear white? What kind of axons and cell bodies appear gray in the CNS?

A

Myelinated axons are White Matter. Unmyelinated axons are Grey Matter.

72
Q

Information that is transmitted in the form of electrical charges along a nerve is called a(n) _____________

A

nerve impulse

73
Q

What is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

74
Q

The part of the nervous system that is under voluntary or conscious control is part of the _________ nervous system.

A

Somatic

75
Q

Name the type of cell which is directly specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses

A

Neuron

76
Q

What does a postsynaptic neuron have that allows it to sense a neurotransmitter?

A

Receptor

77
Q

What is the name of the structural and function unit of communication between two neurons?

A

synapse

78
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

79
Q

Damage to the cerebellum will result in the loss of

A

muscle tone and equilibrium

80
Q

True or False. The Corpus Callosum is considered a major part of the brain?

A

False

81
Q

What part of a neuron receives information as electrochemical messages?

A

dendrite

82
Q

The parietal lobe is responsible for the sensation of _______

A

pain

83
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for producing the emotional reactions of fear, anger and pleasure?

A

?

84
Q

Name the chemical that is used to aid the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

A

neurotransmitter

85
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid located?

A

between the arachnoid mater and the pia pater

86
Q

What are the support cells of the central nervous system?

A

neuroglia

87
Q

True or False. Oligodendrocyte is a type of neuron.

A

False

88
Q

What part of a neuron is responsible for sending information?

A

axon

89
Q

This connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

The corpus callosum

90
Q

In what direction is a nerve impulse always transmitted?

A

?

91
Q

What is the name of the cell that releases the neurotransmitter?

A

the presynaptic neuron

92
Q

The supporting cells of the nervous system is called ______ cells

A

neuroglia

93
Q

Complex problem solving occurs in the _______

A

frontal lobe

94
Q

What is the term used to describe the mechanism of impulse conduction in a myelinated axon?

A

saltatory

95
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

between L1 and L2

96
Q

Which lobes of the brain are responsible for the sense of hearing?

A

temporal lobes

97
Q

What is the name of the chemical that a Schwann cell synthesizes?

A

myelin

98
Q

This is thought of as a bridge between neurons and blood vessels in the central nervous system

A

Astrocytes

99
Q

What part of the neuron cell body does an axon originate from?

A

Axon Hillock

100
Q

The cytoplasm and nuclei of Schwann cells is called the _______

A

neurilemma

101
Q

The perception of sensory impulses is the result of

A

the region of the brain that receives the impulse.

102
Q

List the responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (see table 9.7)

A

?

103
Q

How many neurons are required to send motor signals from the spinal cord to an autonomic effector (cardiac, smooth muscle or gland) and a somatic effector (skeletal muscle) respectively? (fig. 9.36)

A

?

104
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are divisions of the______

A

Peripheral Nervous System

105
Q

Which of the following are responses to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

?

106
Q

A nerve is defined as_______

A

a bundle of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue

107
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

108
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

epinephrine

109
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

110
Q

What is the first (proximal) neuron of an autonomic pathway called?

A

preganglionic

111
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

A

?

112
Q

A reflex is:

A

? All of the above are correct

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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