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Animal Diversity > 9. Mandibulata 1 > Flashcards

9. Mandibulata 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are ecological and arthropod evolution linked? 5

A
  1. 2013 paper linked arthropod evolution with environment conditions, a grouping of molecular studies
  2. suggests cambrian terrestrialisation
  3. no fossil evidence
  4. crustaceans are insects
  5. a 2005 paper suggested terrestrial developments began before domination of land and creation of new ecosystems
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2
Q

What are the diplopoda/millipedes? 6

A
  1. important decomposers of deciduous forests
  2. 12 000 species, monphyletic
  3. trachaea and mandibles like insects
  4. 2 pairs legs/segment, 25-100 segments
  5. thorax - 4 segments 1 pair legs each
  6. caco3 in exoskeleton
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3
Q

How do diplopoda/millipedes reproduce? 5

A
  1. 7th body ring segment has appendages that are turned into sex organs
  2. males collect sperm on gonopods and transfers spermatophore to female
  3. its absorbed by corresponding segment
  4. mating can last 7 hours
  5. female makes nest, lays eggs, protects larvae - they only have 1 pair legs/segment
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4
Q

What do we know about millipedes/diplopoda and terrestrialisation? 3

A
  1. 1st terrestrialisation evidence from ordivician millipede poo
  2. contained digested plants therefore ate plants
  3. 80m year gap on fossils between cambrian and this
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5
Q

What are chilopoda/centipedes? 9

A
  1. 20 families, 3000+ species
  2. up to 177 segments, 1 pair legs/segment
  3. mainly carnivorous, venomous fangs can predate mammals
  4. fangs modified legs
  5. first segment fused with head
  6. trachaea and mandibles, like insects
  7. some spp viviparous, most oviparous
  8. good maternal behaviour - protects young
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6
Q

What is the arthropleura armata? 3

A
  1. carboniferous arthropod, not carnivorous
  2. huge
  3. fossilised tracks in canada and scotland and fossil in canada
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7
Q

What is the relationship between insects and crustaceans? 5

A
  1. 2010 study - DNA from 62 genes/41 000 base pairs
  2. exapods in pancrustacea
  3. some crustaceans now seen as sister group to insects eg. remipedes and cephalocarids are crustaceans but actually more similar to insects than other crustaceans
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8
Q

Describe the crustacea. 16

A
  1. mostly aquatic - in every marine and freshwater environment
  2. terrestrial forms eg. isopods, crabs
  3. 67 000+ species - identification difficult due to many larval stages
  4. all except terrestrial isopods eg. woodlice need water to reproduce
  5. is a subphylum
  6. many classes, subclasses and orders
  7. most common examples eg. decapods are orders
  8. 2 pairs antennae is only true syanomorphy
  9. 5 segmented head and thorax (cephalothorax) and 6 segmented abdomen
  10. normally cephalic shield or carapace, often aquatic
  11. multiarticulate and usually biramous legs (can be secondarily uniramous)
  12. mandibles form multiarticulate limbs
  13. simple ocelli and compound eyes present in most taxa at some point in life cycle
  14. compound eyes commonly raised on stalks
  15. often naupilus larvae
  16. produce many offspring, few survive
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9
Q

Describe the remipedia, belonging to the crustacea. 5

A
  1. blind, cave-dwelling class
  2. discovered in 1980
  3. 18 spp
  4. caribbean, north africa and australia
  5. no carapace, centipede like appearance
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10
Q

Describe the cirripeda/barnacles, belonging to the crustacea. 8

A
  1. filter feeders - appendages for filtering
  2. 1000+ spp
  3. adults sessile (sieve zooplankton) or parasitic
  4. hatch as a naupilus larva - head, telson and single eye
  5. attach to a substrate by adhesive glands on antennaw
  6. begin to metamorphose into adult form
  7. sex-changing parasite of crabs as it changes crab’s hormonal system
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11
Q

Describe cirripeda/barnacle reproduction. 3

A
  1. hermaphroditic
  2. penis is the largest (proportionally) in the animal kingdom
  3. extends over to fertile neighbour
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12
Q

Describe isopda, belonging to crustacea. 13

A
  1. woodlice and marine isopods
  2. 4500 marine species, 500 on land
  3. no carapace, dorsally flattened
  4. lack effective cuticular covering
  5. 13 syanomorphies, including the above
  6. appeared about 400m years ago
  7. most forms occupy refugia niches - remains of what was once widespread
  8. not many others occupy, but maintained during periods of climate change - narrow niche good for longevity
  9. more active forms appeared with break ups of pangea super-continent
  10. mating takes place after moulting
  11. male transfers sperm to genital pouch
  12. brood develops within female’s pouch and hatch like adults without last pair of thoracic appendages
  13. compound eyes
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13
Q

Describe the decapoda, belonging to the crustacea. 6

A
  1. 10 legs
  2. crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp
  3. 18 000 species
  4. five pairs walking legs on thorax
  5. generally nocturnal, mainly aquatic, but land crabs exist.
  6. eg. the Birgos latro ‘robber crab’ of xmas island scavenges.
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14
Q

describe the hexapods, belonging to crustacea. 10

A
  1. about 1million known species
  2. ascertainment bias but still loads
  3. insect legs all come off thorax, which has 3 fused segments
  4. all insects have antennae
  5. not all hexapods are insects
  6. protura - no eyes/antennae, appendages are on abdomen
  7. diptura - no eyes, add internal head anatomy, has antennae
  8. collembola - ocelli, not compound eyes
  9. springing organs under abdomen - springtails
  10. current hexapod forms are close with narrow distribution - may reflect past extinctions
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15
Q

Describe the insects. 8

A
  1. most successful class of animals.
  2. found worldwide in most ecosystems
  3. only one major lineage - palaeodictyopterida - is extinct
  4. no truly marine ones - aquatic live in freshwater, sometimes with gills
  5. several hypotheses to account for this eg. salinity
  6. competitive exclusion due to crustaceans as predators and competitors seems most probable
  7. first animals with powered flight
  8. one true syanomorphy - stretch receptor/chordotonal organ in antennae
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16
Q

Why are there so many insect species? 4

A
  1. ultimate factors eg. body plan, wings and folding, metamorphosis, cuticle and body size and interspecific interactions, sexual selection, tropical distributions and rates of increase, population size and adaptability lead to proximate factors
  2. proximate factors include clade age, speciation rate, extinction rate and carrying capacity
  3. these lead to patterns ie. high insect species richness
  4. test hypotheses by looking for correlations with fossil record and disproving potential associations, if possible
17
Q

What are the macroevolutionary factors that could lead to the insect species richness that we see? 5

A
  1. rapid speciation
  2. low extinction rate
  3. slow, sustained diversification
  4. speciation is constant, slowing down
  5. lower extinction rate in insects than terrestrial bivalves - may be due to small size therefore less impacted by climate change
18
Q

Describe hemimetabolous hexapods. 6

A
  1. AKA exopterygota (externally developed wings)
  2. nymphs
  3. moult
  4. gradual growth
  5. no pupa
  6. can involve radical change eg. aquatic to aerial lifestyle eg. dragonflies and mayflies
19
Q

describe holometabolous insects. 8

A
  1. have a larval stage and pupa - metamorphose
  2. exploit different niches
  3. no one focus on particular food as an adult
  4. lower metabolic requirements
  5. AKA endopterygota (internally developed wings)
  6. fly pupa most extreme transformation - dunno how
  7. other species show adult form developing eg. hardened maggot becomes an ant
  8. Insects must pump selves up before cuticle hardens

Animal Diversity (13 decks)

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