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Y1 - Neuroanatomy - Exam 2 > 9. Limbic System > Flashcards

9. Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what aspects of human behavior are associated with the

limbic system?

A
  • emotions
  • learning
  • memory
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2
Q

reward:

define

A

positive reinforcer; something for which we will work to approach and contact

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3
Q

punisher:

define

A

negative reinforcer; something we will work to avoid

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4
Q

emotion:

define

A

state elicited by rewards or punishers

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5
Q

motivation:

define

A

state in which reward is being sought OR punisher is being avoided

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6
Q

feelings:

define

A

conscious awareness of emotional state

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7
Q

mood:

define

A

predominant emotional state over time

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8
Q

primary reinforcer:

define

A

a reinforcer that an animal is born needing such as food, water, shelter.

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9
Q

secondary reinforcer:

define

A

or conditioned, reinforcers are stimuli, objects, or events that become reinforcing based on their association with a primary reinforcer

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10
Q

positive primary reinforcers

(examples)

A
  • light touch,
  • food,
  • water

all are unconditioned reinforcers

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11
Q

positive secondary reinforcer

A

a secondary reward because she learned the associations with the image/person and makes him a secondary reinforcer

(example given was a picture of her grandfather)

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12
Q

negative primary reinforcers

A

those that threaten our survival;

e.g. pain and hunger

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13
Q

negative secondary reinforcer

A

something you may associate w/ pain and threat to survival;

such as warfare

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14
Q

emotions are produced by…

A

delivery, omission, or termination of a reward or punisher

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15
Q

2 critical anatomical structures for emotions, learning, and memory?

where are these found?

A
  • amygdala (sl more anterior) & hippocampus
  • can be seen on medial surface of temporal lobe (you can’t see them on external surface of the brain)
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16
Q

parahippocampal gyrus:

define and fxn

A
  • grey matter cortical region of the brain surrounding hippocampus
  • part of the limbic system
  • fxn: important role in memory encoding and retrieval
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17
Q

cortical association areas involved in memory

A
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • cingulate
  • olfactory
  • prefrontal
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18
Q

procedural (implicit) memory:

define and assoc. anatomical structures

A
  1. habits, skills, sensorimotor adaptations
  2. cerebellum and neostriatum –> brainstem and spinal motor outlets
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19
Q

emotional memory:

define and assoc. anatomical structures

A
  1. conditioned preferences or aversions; memory modulation
  2. amygdala –> hypothalamus, autonomic, & hormonal inputs
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20
Q

declarative (explicit) memory:

define and assoc. anatomical structures

A
  1. episodic and semantic;
    • conscious recollection of facts, flexible expression
    • new learning
    • spatial memory
  2. parahippocampal region <–> hippocampus
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21
Q

working memory:

define and assoc. anatomical structures

A
  1. brief memory, capacity 7-10, e.g. reading phone # and punching it into a phone
  2. prefrontal cortex –> prefrontal (lateral aspect)
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22
Q

what aspect of memory takes place in hippocampus?

A

memory consolidation:

processes whereby initially labile memories become “permanent”

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23
Q

case of H.M.

procedure and outcomes

A
  • suffered from epilepsy
  • surgery to both medial and temporal lobes
  • lost ability to take short term memories and consolidate them to long term memory; but could still retain previous memories
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24
Q

what aspects of HM’s memory remained in tact?

A
  • could still retain previous memories
  • *IMPLICIT MEMORY (non-declarative) remained largely in tact:
    • can learn motor skills (e.g. mirror drawing)
    • simple learning
    • short-term memory okay (time-dependent)
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25
Q

knocking out hippocampus or related structures –>

has what effect?

A

causes anterograde amnesia

26
Q

CC: anterograde amnesia

define

A
  • loss of semantic memory (and loss of ability to form new memories)
  • knowledge of:
    • facts
    • people
    • objects
    • new word meaning
27
Q

location and processing of long term memory

A
  • resides in higher-order association areas of cerebral cortex
  • processed by hippocampus (encodes the memories and sends them off to be stored; associations in the cerebral cortex)
28
Q

Papez circuit:

define

A

circuit is involved in learning and memory;
◦ damage to this circuit –> memory problems

29
Q

CC: Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • Results from alcohol abuse, thiamine deficiency
  • (nutrient deficiency secondary to alcoholism)
  • Sxs: memory loss due to destruction of mammillary bodies or thalamus
30
Q

Intracranial self-stimulation in rodents

A
  1. implant electrode in live rodent brain
  2. link electrode stimulation w/ lever pressing
  3. If electrical stimulation of brain region is rewarding, the rodent will press the lever vigorously –> may even ignore food/ other survival instincts

This indicates that the electrical current is an extremely rewarding sensation

31
Q

reward circuit: encoding

A
  • all rewards are encoded the same way –>
    1. rewarding stimuli –> causes release of NT dopamine in nucleus accumbens
    2. hippocampus lays down memories of pleasurable sensation
    3. amygdala creates a conditioned response to rewarding stimuli
32
Q
A
33
Q

reward circuit and addictive drugs

A
  • addictive drugs hijack the reward circuit
  • by flooding the nucleus accumbens w/ dopamine
34
Q

mesocorticolimbic dopamine system:

define and components

A
  • aka mesolimbic system, the reward system
  • connects the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain, –> to the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia in the forebrain.
  • (The ventral striatum includes the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle)
35
Q

where is the nucleus accumbens found?

important connections?

A
  • found in the ventral striatum
  • reciprocal connections w/ orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
  • part of mesolimbic dopamine circuit
36
Q

ventral tegmental area:

define and location

A
  • origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesolimbic system
  • may be involved in drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain
  • important role in: cognition, motivation, orgasm, & intense emotions relating to love, as well as several psychiatric disorders.
  • neurons in the VTA project to multiple areas of the brain: prefrontal cortex, caudal brainstem, etc.
  • location: VTA is close to midline in floor of the midbrain
37
Q

amygdala:

function & structure

A
  • emotions and behavioral expressions
  • contains multiple different nuclei:
    • basolateral nucleus (input to amygdala)
    • central nucleus (outputs from amygdala)
38
Q

fast route and slow route of input to amygdala

A
  • fast route: is from thalamus –> directly to basolateral nucleus of amygdala
  • long route: is from the thalmus –> *sensory and association cortex* –> then to basolat. nucl of amygdala
39
Q

flow of info w/in the amygdala

A

input to basolateral nucleus of amygdala –> central nucleus of amygdala

40
Q

four different output pathways from amygdala,

and respective functions

A

From central nucleus of amygdala –>

  • prefrontal, cingulate cortex: decision making
  • hypothalamus: autonomic & endocrine response
  • PAG: pain modulation, defensive behavior
  • LC (NE), Raphe (5-HT), VTA (DA): attention, sensory perception
41
Q

function of amygdala circuit & example:

prefrontal, cingulate cortex

A
  • decision making
    • e.g. behavioral response to remove yourself from the situation
42
Q

function of amygdala circuit & example:

hypothalamus

A
  • autonomic & endocrine response
    • (e.g. inc HR & inc CRH–>ACTH–>cortical response)
43
Q

function of amygdala circuit & example:

periaqueductal gray

A
  • (PAG): pain modulation, defensive behavior
    • e.g. due to adrenaline; one’s own pain is modulated to be able to mobilize in stressful situations
44
Q

function of amygdala circuit & example:

Locus ceruleus (NE), Raphe (5-HT), VTA (DA)

A
  • attention, sensory perception
    e. g. attention is focused on emotional stimulus/senses may tune into the stimulus to better pay attention
45
Q

primary sensory stimuli:

general pathway organization

A

DRTC (A/O)

  1. detection
  2. relay
  3. thalamus
  4. cortex
  5. amygdala OR orbitofrontal cortex
46
Q

taste receptor:

pathway

A
  1. taste receptor (detection)
  2. nucleus of solitary tract (relay)
  3. ventroposteromedial (VPM) (thalamus)
  4. fronto-parietal operculum insula (cortex)
  5. amydgala or orbitofrontal cortex
47
Q

touch (primary sensory stimuli):

pathway

A
  1. touch (A-delta, C fibers) (detection)
  2. Dorsal horn and spinal n. nuclei (relay)
  3. ventral posteromedial nucleus or ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPM & VPL) of thalamus
  4. Somatosensory cortex (of cortex)
  5. amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex
48
Q

olfactory (primary sensory stimuli):

pathway

A
  1. olfactory neurons (detection)
  2. olfactory bulb (relay)
  3. medial temporal lobe cortex (cortex)
49
Q

key inputs to the learning centers?

A
  1. visual and auditory cortex unimodal association cortex
  2. primary reinforcers
50
Q

key center(s) for learning associations?

key center(s) for explicit memory?

A
  • amygdala & orbitofrontal for learning associations
  • hippocampus for explicit memory
51
Q

outputs from learning centers?

A
  • autonomic and endocrine
  • implicit actions (basal ganglia, emotional memory, conditioning)
  • explicit actions, language systems
52
Q

function of amygdala w/ regards to emotional experiences

A
  • determines which stimuli are responded to
  • how overt responses to stimuli are organized
  • internal responses of the body’s organs
53
Q

damage to amygdala results in:

A
  1. inability to recognize facial expressions (esp. fear)
  2. generalized reduction in fear responses (can be dangerous)
  3. inability to recognize the emotional content of speech
54
Q

which brain structure lights up on functional imaging studies if looking at a

fearful facial expression?

A

a healthy amygdala should light up bilaterally upon seeing an expression of fear

55
Q

where do conditioned responses occur?

A
  • amygdala –> hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • conditioned responses to rewards/punishers; automatic and unconscious
56
Q

where does memory modulation occur?

A
  • amygdala –> hippocampus
  • declarative memory of emotional situations; conscious memories of situations with emotional content
57
Q

where are unconscious/automatic responses found?

where are conscious memories of situations w/ emotional content found?

A
  • unconscious/automatic: hypothalamus & periaqueductal grey
  • conscious emotional memory: hippocampus
58
Q

based on MRI studies, which type of image has the strongest MRI stimulation of amygdala?

A
  • frightening images stimulate most activity of amygdala
  • *memory for the dangerous dog was much stronger than for the pleasant image
  • there is little to no response to a neutral stimulus
59
Q

association center for emotion?

what is the output?

A
  • amygdala associates the image with an emotion (e.g. fear or behavior)
  • output is via the hypothalamus and frontal lobes
60
Q

which region relates image to the environment?

what is its output?

A
  • hippocampus relates image to the environment, context, and modifies behavior
    • Places the information in context; (e.g. rattling, triangular head of a snake) and relating the emotional stimulus to the context
    • Freeze –> contextualize –> then frontal cortex helps w/ decision-making (fight or flight)
  • output is through frontal lobes

Y1 - Neuroanatomy - Exam 2 (12 decks)

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