9. Instrument Approach Procedures - N2

Question 1

Types of approaches?

Answer 1

Precision
Non-precision

Question 2

What are precision approaches?

Answer 2

Precision Approach – lateral and vertical
ILS
MLS
RNP APCH
PAR

Question 3

What are non-precision approaches?

Answer 3

Non Precision Approach – lateral only
VOR
NDB
ILS Localiser only
GNSS
SRA
VDF

Question 4

What is a STAR?

Answer 4

A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) arrival route linking a significant point,
normally on an ATS route, with a point from which a published instrument approach procedure can be
commenced.

Question 5

Where does a STAR end?

Answer 5

at the IAF
Initial approach fix

Question 6

Where does the initial approach segment begin?

Answer 6

In the initial approach, the aircraft has left the en-
route structure and is manoeuvring to enter the intermediate approach segment. The initial approach
segment begins at the initial approach fix (IAF) and ends at the intermediate fix (IF).

Question 7

What if there is no IAF?

Answer 7

Where no suitable IAF or IF is available to construct a straight in approach:
REVERSAL procedure.
RACETRACK procedure.
HOLDING pattern is required.

Question 8

What happens in the Intermediate approach segment ?

Answer 8

In this segment: Speed and configuration
adjusted to prepare for final approach. Descent gradient kept as shallow as possible. Obstacle clearance
reduces from 1000ft to 500ft

Question 9

Where is the intermediate Approach segment?

Answer 9

This segment starts where the Racetrack, procedure or
base turn completes & ends at the FAF or Final approach point FAP where applicable

Question 10

Where is the final approach segment?

Answer 10

In this segment, alignment and descent for landing are made.
May be to a runway for a straight in landing OR to an aerodrome for a visual maneuver. It must begin at
the final approach fix and end at the Missed Approach Point (MAPt)

Question 11

What will be the lowest point of the approach?

Answer 11

The lowest point on the approach will be the
MDA/MDH minimum descent Altitude/Height.

Question 12

What is the missed approach segment?

Answer 12

The pilot is faced with the demanding task of changing the
aircraft configuration, attitude and altitude. So, the design of the missed approach has been kept as
simple as possible and consists of three phases (initial, intermediate and final).

Question 13

What are the 3 phases of a missed approach?

Answer 13

Initial - Mapt to start of climb (SOC). Intermediate - SOC
to 150ft Obstacle clearance. Final - 150ft Obs clear. To point where new approach, hold or enroute begins.

Question 14

What are the lowest points on the approach?

Answer 14

Precision approaches have (DA) or (DH). On reaching
the DH, the pilot may continue the approach to land provided that the required visual references have
been established. Otherwise, the pilot must commence a missed approach procedure. Non-precision
approaches have (MDA) or (MDH).

Question 15

What is an instrument approach procedure?

Answer 15

An instrument approach procedure may have five
separate segments: ARRIVAL; INITIAL – from initial approach fix (IAF) INTERMEDIATE – intermediate fix
(IF) FINAL Final Approach Fix (only on NPA - FAF) Final Approach Point (PA only – FAP) MISSED – Missed
approach point (MAPt)

Question 16

Non-precision approaches which are pilot-interpreted make use of ground beacons and aircraft
equipment such as VOR and DME (True/False)?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is circling?

Answer 17

Is the term used to describe the visual phase of flight, after completing an Instrument
Approach, where an aircraft is manoeuvred into position for a landing on a runway which is not suitably
located for a straight-in approach.

Question 18

What factors affect circling approach minima?

Answer 18

Aircraft performance has direct effect on size of
airspace & visibility to perform manoeuvre, therefore the radius of arcs is related to: Aircraft Category.
Speed for each Category. Wind Speed: 25 kts throughout turn. Bank Angle: 20 degrees average, or 3
degrees per second, whichever requires less bank.

Question 19

How are the categories defined?

Answer 19

CAT. A nominal Vat less than 91 kts IAS;
CAT. B nominal Vat 91 kts to 120 kts IAS;
CAT. C nominal Vat 121 kts to 140 kts IAS;
CAT. D nominal Vat 141 kts to 165 kts IAS ;
CAT. E nominal Vat 166 kts to 210 kts IAS

Question 20

What is Nominal Vat is defined as?

Answer 20

1.3 x Stalling Speed in the landing configuration at Maximum
Certificated Landing Mass.

Question 21

What is OCH?

Answer 21

The lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the
aerodrome elevation as applicable used in establishing compliance with the appropriate obstacle
clearance criteria.