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A Level Geography Coastal Landscapes > 9 - impacts of coastal processes on humans > Flashcards

9 - impacts of coastal processes on humans Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some negative impacts of coastal processes on humans

A

in short term storm events can lead to cliff falls

in long term eustatic sea level rise = storm events and coastal erosion moving further inland

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2
Q

how are coastal defences allocated

A
  • if benefits > costs
  • so larger settlements receive coastal protection
  • in long term can result in new headlands and islands
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3
Q

how does coastal erosion influence humans

A

can be exacerbated by coastal development near shore or by coastal management, many suffer increased erosion down drift of hard sea defences

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4
Q

negative impacts of erosion 1

A
  • danger to life
  • structural damage
  • damage and destruction to lifeline infrastructure (water, sewage, gas pipes)
  • loss of valuable farmland
  • loss of vulnerable ecosystems
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5
Q

negative impacts of erosion 2

A
  • loss of tourist attractions (wildlife reserves, famous coastal features)
  • decline in property prices, insurance not held by many
  • psychological stress for residents
  • loss of beach amenities and leisure activities on sandy beaches
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6
Q

what is the main positive impact of the coast on humans

A

attracts human activities - fishing, tourism, port development, settlement

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7
Q

what physical resources make people travel to the coast

A
  • scenery (eg cliffs)
  • ecosystems (eg coral reefs)
  • sandy beaches
  • sunny climates
  • high quality seawater free from strong currents and rip tides
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8
Q

what human resources make people travel to the coast

A
  • cultural attractions
  • heritage resources
  • quality provision of services
  • leisure facilities
  • watersports
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9
Q

what are the economic impacts of tourism

A
  • largest employer in the world
  • brings in foreign exchange for host country, increases employment and can lead to inward investment of FDI by TNC’s
  • positive multiplier effect and can reach local economies and improve quality of life
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10
Q

what influences the strength of economic impacts of tourism

A

strength of multiplier depends upon:

  • local economy’s level of development
  • type of tourism
  • organisatinon of tourism
  • level of economic leakage (TNC’s tend to repatriate profits overseas)
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11
Q

how has coastal processes positively impacted JOHN O GROATS

A
  • it houses the Atlantic Puffins as well as grey seals and orcas
  • the stacks have brought tourism to area
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12
Q

how have coastal processes positively impacted the Scottish coastline

A
  • the hub for oil and gas situated by the North Sea
  • 42b barrels of oil taken since 1964 attracting MNC’s eg Shell and BP
  • diversification into renewable energy sources, offshore wind turbines, take existing energy industry into the future
  • fishing industry providing food sources and economic support
  • tourism industry bringing in more than £500m annually
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13
Q

how was Happisburgh influenced by coastal processes NEGATIVELY

A
  • stormy winter caused rapid retreat of clay cliffs
  • homes along beach road regularly lost as bay forms
  • residents fought for defences but only received a small amount of Riprap and 2004 shoreline management plan proposed no active intervention (retreat)
  • by 2025 80-100m and 25 homes lost with beach disappearing and by 2055 130-150m lost and by 2105 170-200m lost
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13
Q

how was Happisburgh influenced by coastal processes NEGATIVELY

A
  • stormy winter caused rapid retreat of clay cliffs
  • homes along beach road regularly lost as bay forms
  • residents fought for defences but only received a small amount of Riprap and 2004 shoreline management plan proposed no active intervention (retreat)
  • by 2025 80-100m and 25 homes lost with beach disappearing and by 2055 130-150m lost and by 2105 170-200m lost
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14
Q

why save Happisburgh from coastal erosion

A
  • home to 850 people
  • thriving unique community and good community spirit
  • protects the Northern Broads
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15
Q

how do management strategies differ

A

depends on social, economic, environmental and political factors

16
Q

what are the 5 management strategies

A
  1. do nothing
  2. managed retreat or realignment
  3. hold the line
  4. advance the line (move seaward)
  5. limited intervention (adjustments made)
17
Q

physical factors influencing strategies

A
  • geomorphology (rock type/resistance, sediment supply)
  • degree of dynamism in coastal environment (reaction to management)
  • quality of environment
18
Q

human factors influencing strategies

A
  • cost benefit analysis
  • local/national budgets
  • socio-cultural factors
  • scientific research considerations
19
Q

benefits of defence strategies

A
  • increased security for houses, properties, beach users, coastal towns
  • can be environmentally attractive
  • avoids compensation issues that might be associated with do nothing strategies
20
Q

problems of defence strategies

A
  • reduced sediment supply
  • reduced exposure for scientific study
  • costs not justifying results, research much be made into marine and subaerial processes
21
Q

why is a coastal management scheme needed in LYME REGIS

A
  • tourist industry is worth £42m and 900 jobs
  • too much invested into town to let it be taken
  • no natural supply of shingle bc of Cobb
  • erosion of offshore platform
  • large fetch from SW prevailing wind over atlantic
  • storm conditions from channel
  • weak geology of Jurassic Lias - shales and clays
22
Q

costs of LYME REGIS management

A
  • £32m spent on coastal management

- appearance could affect tourism as hard engineering usually not aesthetic

23
Q

benefits of LYME REGIS management

A
  • protected tourist industry as population increases by 14000 during summer months
  • homes/businesses savd
  • benefit cost ratio = 6.04/1
  • maintains home and community
  • preserves habitat of nature reserve
24
Q

why is lyme regis at risk

A
  • Lyme Regis lies on slipped land made up of unstable soft clays and sands which move over stronger limestone and clay rocks
  • limestone and clay rocks slope down towards the sea, making it easier to slip and cause landslides
25
Q

what was involved in the lyme regis management scheme

A

PHASE 1 - new sea wall and promenade finished in 1995
PHASE 2 - protecting foreshore stabilising land, started in 2005 cost £17m
PHASE 3 - do nothing approach
PHASE 4 - coastal slope stabilisation

A Level Geography Coastal Landscapes (10 decks)

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