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Microbiology > 9. Fungal infections > Flashcards

9. Fungal infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which domain are fungi included in?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

What are the two main phyla of fungi?

A

Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

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3
Q

Which fungus out of the basidiomycetes causes the largest burden of disease?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatii

Causes cryptococcal meningitis

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of Ascomycota fungal infections

A

Aspergillus fumigates

Candida albicans

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5
Q

How can fungi be useful?

A 
Recycling (degradation)
Symbioses (lichen)
Food (protein)
Antimicrobials
Alcohol (yeast)
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6
Q

Action of most fungal infections

A

Opportunistic

Acquired from environment

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7
Q

How do fungi digest their food?

A

Saphrophytes

Secret hydrolytic enzymes to break biopolymers to absorb for nutrition

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8
Q

What do fungi produce a large number of and what is the consequence of this?

A

Spores, dispersed over large distances

Humans constantly exposed

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9
Q

How are commensal and skin colonising fungal infections transmitted?

A

By contact

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10
Q

What 3 types of disease do fungi cause?

A

Superficial, subcutaneous and systemic
Allergies
Mycotoxicoses
Mycoses

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11
Q

How do fungal allergies arise?

A

Many fungal spores in air
Lungs can become sensitised if triggered
Become hypersensitive
= Asthmatic reaction

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12
Q

4 Examples of fungal allergies

A

Rhinitis
Dermatitis
Asthma
Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

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13
Q

Define mycotoxicosis.

A

A toxic reaction caused by ingestion/inhalation of a mycotoxin

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14
Q

What are mycotoxins?

A

Secondary metabolites of moulds that exert toxic effects on animals and humans
(a defence mechanism)

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15
Q

Example of fungal infection with mycotoxic action

A

Psilocybin
Causes visual distortions of colour, depth and form
= visual hallucinations.
Effects similar to experience following consumption of LSD

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16
Q

What is known as the most carcinogenic natural compound and what produces it?

A

Aflatoxin

produced by Aspergillus flavus

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17
Q

How does aflatoxin effect humans?

A

Contaminates grain pre- and post-harvest.

Causes 28% of worldwide hepatocellular carcinoma.

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18
Q

Define mycosis

A

Fungal infection classified based on the level of tissue affected

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of mycosis?

A

Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic

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20
Q

What are superficial mycoses?

A

Affect skin and hair shaft

No living tissue is invaded so there is no cellular response

21
Q

Give 4 examples of superficial mycoses

A

Black piedra
White piedra
Dandruff
Tinea nigra

22
Q

How does Malassezia globosa cause dandruff?

A

Produces oleic acid which causes inflammation of the stratum corneum= ‘dandruff’

23
Q

What are cutaneous mycoses?

A

Produce extracellular enzymes (keratinases) which are capable of hydrolyzing keratin.
Inflammation is caused by host response to metabolic by-products

24
Q

What are cutaneous mycoses described as?

A

Dermatophytes

Keratinophilic fungi.

25
Q

Give 3 examples of dermatophytes

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton

26
Q

Give 3 examples of cutaneous mycoses

A 
Tinea capitis (scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes)
Tinea corporis (ringworm)
Tinea pedis (Athletes foot)
27
Q

What are subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Chronic, localised infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue following traumatic implantation of the aetiological agent.

28
Q

Give an example of subcutaneous mycoses

A

Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix) caused by cat scratch

29
Q

What are deep/ systemic mycoses?

A

Within organs

2 types: Primary and Opportunistic

30
Q

What are primary systemic mycoses? Give an example

A

Able to establish infection in a normal healthy host

e.g. Coccidioides immitis

31
Q

What are opportunistic systemic mycoses? Give an example

A

Require a compromised host in order to establish infection

e.g. Candida

32
Q

How many pathogenic species of Candida are there?

A

5

33
Q

What are the 3 types of candida infection that can occur in the immunocompromised?

A

Superficial
Mucosal
Systemic

34
Q

Where do Candida infections colonise?

A

GI tract
Respiratory tract
Vagina
Urethra
Skin
Fingernails

35
Q

From what surfaces in hospitals can candida be transmitted by?

A

Floors
Food
Hands

36
Q

Candida albicans

A

opportunistic commensal
Colonises GI tract and skin of healthy
Colonises and invades host tissue of immunocomprimised

37
Q

Superficial candida infections

A

Usually due to impaired epithelial barrier functions
Occur in all age groups (common in newborns and elderly)
Respond readily to treatment.

38
Q

Mucosal candida infections

A

Symptomatic infection
Occurs at extremes of life (elderly and neonates)
Frequently seen in those with HIV

39
Q

What are the three types of mucocutaneous candidiasis that occurs in people with HIV?

A

Oesophageal
Vulvovaginal
Oropharyngeal

40
Q

What are the main risk factors for systemic candida infections?

A

Chemotherapy
Gut-related surgery
Catheters
(not normally seen in healthy individuals)

41
Q

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA)

A

Germinate in the lung and disseminate to most organs in body.

42
Q

Who is most susceptible to IPA?

A 
Neutropenic / transplant
HIV/AIDS
Diabetic
Influenza
Leukaemia
43
Q

What samples may be acquired to diagnose fungal infections?

A 
Skin
Sputum
Blood
Vaginal swab/smear
Spinal fluid
Tissue biopsy
44
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing fungal infection?

A

Microscopy

Rapid and cheap

45
Q

Culture of fungal organisms

A

Slow
Prone to contamination
Requires skilled sample collection
Positive ID- Allows susceptibility testing

46
Q

Non-culture methods of fungal organism identification

A

Antibody/ antigen-based assays detect: Glucan, Mannan, Enolase, Proteinase
PCR (DNA)
Cryptoccocosis Diagnostics

47
Q

How many classes of antifungal drugs are there?

A

4

48
Q

What are the 4 targets of anti fungal drug?

A

Membrane function
Nucleic acid synthesis
Cell wall synthesis
Membrane ergosterol biosynthesis

49
Q

Resistance to anti-fungal drugs

A

Resistance occurs in all classes of drugs used against plant and animal fungal infections

Microbiology (9 decks)

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