9- design for maintenance and the cleaner environment Flashcards
raw materials
9.a material selection
Designers need to consider the environmental and
economic costs of the raw material when considering
the use of materials for products and packaging.
3 considerations during material selection
9.a material selection
1 raw materials
2 source
3 quantity and quality
the five stages of a lifecycle assessment:
1 material selection 2 manufacture 3 distribution 4 use: repair and maintenance 5 end of life
Designers need to consider the environmental and
economic costs of the raw material when considering
the use of materials for products and packaging:
9.b manufacture
A simpler design with fewer components to reduce materials use and assembly time
Different materials to reduce their weight or the quantity used
Materials that used less energy during manufacture and produce less waste
Simpler components that are easier to machine or mould and produce less waste
A simplified or different work flow with improved quality control
optimum use of materials and components: the lay planning must limit the amount of material used and wasted
considerations of raw material selection
9.a material selection
how available is the raw material ? how abundant is it?
how easy is it to extract/ environmental and financial cost?
how easy is it to process?
metals
9a. material selection
availability
extraction/ environmental cost/ financial
process
polymers
9a. material selection
availability
extraction/ environmental cost/ financial
process
timbers
9a. material selection
availability
extraction/ environmental cost/ financial
process
how can the issues related to distribution be reduced?
There are a number of issues relating to cleaner distribution of goods around the UK, though they all result in the same concerns; extremely large energy use and resultant carbon dioxide emissions, which then contribute to global warming.
9.c distribution
Alternative forms of transport could be used which are lesson polluting. For example, trains, in particular electric trains, or waterways where appropriate.
The geographical location of distribution centres and using local resources can also reduce the length of journeys.
Reducing the amount of packaging used in products to lighten loads can save fuel.
Exploring alternatives to fossil fuels can also reduce the negative impact on the earth’s resources.
The three things that manufacturers have to do when thinking about packaging:
Manufacturers are obliged to reduce packaging use under the UK Producer Responsibility
Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations (1997).
9.c distribution
materials
the materials and designs they use
reducing
Examine ways of eliminating or reducing the packaging requirement of a product, for example, changes in product design, improved cleanliness, better handling, JIT delivery, bulk delivery, etc.
optimise
Optimise packaging use, for example, match packaging to the level of protection needed.
consideration for alternatives to fossil fuels
9.c distribution
Good performance/ effectiveness/ efficiency
reliability
availability
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
9.c
advantages
Relatively good availability
Good range of kits available
Reduced emissions
Increasingly good supply of used vehicles
Low-cost fuel – less than 50 percent of diesel
Reliable performance
disadvantages
Not available for diesel vehicles
No factory-fit models available
Bio Ethanol
9.c
advantages Reduced emissions Increased power Factory-fit models now available Renewable fuel
disadvantages Very poor availability of fuel Limited availability of vehicles Similar price to diesel Up to 30 percent lower economy than petrol
Compressed Natural Gas
9.c
advantages
Kits fit to existing diesel vehicles such as HGVs
Similar economy to diesel
Reduces emissions
disadvantages
Very poor availability of fuel
Limited availability of kits and vehicles
Slow refuelling times
Hydrogen
9.c
advantages
Zero emissions
Renewable fuel
disadvantages
Very poor availability of fuel
Limited availability of kits and vehicles
