9. Criminal Capacity and Defences

Question 1

Under what age are children not criminally culpable?

Answer 1

Under ten

Question 2

What is the test for whether a defendant is fit to plead?

Answer 2

Of sufficient intellect to comprehend the course of proceedings in the trial as to:

1. Make a proper defence
2. Challenge a juror to whom they may wish to object, and
3. Comprehend details of evidence

Question 3

Where a defendant is not fit to plead, what will the court do?

Answer 3

Decide whether they committed the crime on the actus reus alone

Question 4

What are the options for the court regarding a convicted deemed to have committed the actus reus but who is otherwise unfit to plead?

Answer 4

1. Send to hospital for a set period
2. Supervision order
3. Absolute discharge

Question 5

When a defendant charged with murder is unfit to plead, what is the court obliged to do?

Answer 5

Send the defendant to hospital for an indefinite period

Question 6

Regarding intoxication, what does the law draw a line between?

Answer 6

Voluntary and involuntary intoxication

Question 7

What have the courts held when a defendant becomes intoxicated through no fault of their own?

Answer 7

They may not be able to form the mental state required for the offence

Question 8

When will involuntary intoxication not be available, and what facts will be a tip off to this?

Answer 8

Not available where the intent was not formed by the intoxicated state, but rather their desires and tendencies toward the behaviour

Question 9

Is involuntary intoxication available where the defendant underestimates the strength of their own drink?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

However, what occurs where the intoxication is part voluntary and part involuntary, i.e. defendant was drinking but was also spiked?

Answer 10

The court will consider the effect of each aspect on the conduct

Question 11

When considering voluntary intoxication, what are the two things the court will consider?

Answer 11

1. Whether the drug was dangerous or non-dangerous,
2. And, if dangerous, whether the offence was basic intent or specific intent

Question 12

Will voluntary intoxication by a non-dangerous substance negate mens rea?

Answer 12

Yes, subject to the proviso that intoxicated intent is still intent

Question 13

Will voluntary intoxication by a dangerous substance negate mens rea?

Answer 13

Only if the offence is one of specific intent

Question 14

In what specific intent situation will a voluntarily intoxicated person still be guilty?

Answer 14

Where they become intoxicated only to gain the courage to commit the offence

Question 15

Why is intoxication not a defence to strict liability offences?

Answer 15

Because strict liability offences have no mens rea requirement

Question 16

For self-defence to be available, what three things must the defendant be acting to protect, or what other two things must they be trying to do?

Answer 16

Protect:
1. Self
2. Another, or
3. Property

or

1. Prevent crime, or
2. Effect lawful arrest

Question 17

To rely on self-defence, what must the defendant subjectively believe?

Answer 17

That force is immediately required

Question 18

To rely on self-defence, what must be true of the force used?

Answer 18

Defendant must believe the force is immediately required, and it must be objectively proportionate based on the facts that the defendant subjectively believes them to be

Question 19

Regarding the amount of force used, what is the standard where the defendant is a householder acting against an intruder who has entered their home?

Answer 19

The householder may use any force as long as it is not grossly or unreasonably disproportionate

Question 20

In determining what is grossly or unreasonably disproportionate, what will the court consider?

Answer 20

Decisions that were made in the heat of the moment

Question 21

In addition to being in their dwelling, what are the two other criteria the defendant must satisfy to rely on the householder exception?

Answer 21

Defendant must:
1. Not be a trespasser, and
2. Believe that the victim is a trespasser

Question 22

What are the three requirements for the defence of necessity?

Answer 22

1. Act was required to avoid an inevitable evil
2. Defendant only did what was reasonably necessary
3. What they inflicted was not disproportionate to what was avoided

Question 23

What offence is necessity not available for, and what is the effect of this?

Answer 23

Murder, therefore if someone is faced with the choice of killing another or dying/being killed themselves, the law will not excuse them if they do not sacrifice themselves.

Law technically silent on whether necessity is available for attempted murder.

Question 24

In what limited circumstances is duress available?

Answer 24

When defendant was subjected to threats and committed an offence to avoid the threats being realised

Question 25

What offences is duress not available for, and how is this different to necessity?

Answer 25

Murder and attempted murder. In theory attempted murder is not precluded from necessity.

Question 26

What are the five requirements for duress?

Answer 26

1. Threat must be of death or serious injury
2. Threat must be against defendant, their close friend/relative, or someone from whom they feel responsible
3. Defendant must have good cause to feel fear
4. Person of reasonable firmness would have reacted the same
5. Threat must be sufficiently immediate with no opportunity to take evasive action

Question 27

Even when the conditions are met, when is duress not available?

Answer 27

When the defendant voluntarily associates with the maker of the threat, knowing of their tendencies