9- clonal evolution

Question 1

Key Concepts of Clonal Evolution:

Answer 1

Every cancer undergoes independent clonal evolution, where competing clones originate through mutations.
Essential genes like p16 and p53, controlling the cell cycle and DNA repair, are pivotal in cancer development.

Question 2

Nature of Cancer Evolution:

Answer 2

Cancer evolution is short-sighted, occurring within an individual’s lifespan, influencing adaptations to local environments.
Despite limited generations, cancer cells exhibit adaptations to specific tissues during metastasis.

Question 3

Neoplasms and Natural Selection:

Answer 3

Neoplasms evolve through natural selection, involving variation, heritability, and impact on cell reproduction and survival.
Tumors display extreme genetic heterogeneity, contributing to their evolutionary dynamics.

Question 4

Mutations in Oncogenesis:

Answer 4

Critical mutations in oncogenesis involve genes like P16 (CDKN2A) and p53, regulating the cell cycle and suppressing tumor formation.

Question 5

Clinical Implications of cancer evolution

Answer 5

Evolution is intrinsic to cancer development, impacting monitoring, patient stratification, and anticipating resistance for improved therapeutic management.
Studying evolution provides insights into predicting or managing cancer at various disease stages.

Question 6

Tumour Heterogeneity:

Answer 6

Inter-tumour heterogeneity involves variability between different patients.
Intra-tumour heterogeneity reflects the diversity within a single tumor, impacting biomarkers and treatment approaches.