Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Internal Medicine I > 9. Causes and diagnosis of blood glucose disorders > Flashcards

9. Causes and diagnosis of blood glucose disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults?

A

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease?

A

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the percentage increase in cardiovascular mortality and stroke in diabetic patients?

A

Diabetic patients have a 2 to 4 fold increase in cardiovascular mortality and stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations?

A

Diabetic neuropathy is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of diabetic patients die from cardiovascular events?

A

8/10 diabetic patients die from cardiovascular events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of glucose in relation to cardiovascular mortality?

A

Glucose is a continuous risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relative risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with high fasting glucose levels?

A

The relative risk of all-cause mortality increases with higher fasting glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Hungary in 2014?

A

94% of diabetic patients in Hungary in 2014 had type 2 diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the relationship between fasting blood glucose levels and cardiovascular mortality in men?

A

Fasting blood glucose levels predict cardiovascular mortality in men.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people aged 70 and above according to the 2011 census and data by the National Health Insurance Fund?

A

10%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mechanism for diagnosing diabetes based on classical symptoms?

A

Classical symptoms of diabetes (polyuria, polydypsia, weight loss) + fasting glucose ≥ 7,0 mmol/l (after 10 hours fasting).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the laboratory criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus?

A

Random glucose value ≥ 11,1 mmol /l or fasting glucose value ≥ 7,0 mmol /l or 2-hour OGTT value ≥ 11,1 mmol /l.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)?

A

IFG is fasting glucose between 6.1 and 7.0 mmol/l, while IGT is postprandial glucose between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/l.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ratio of lower limb amputations among type 2 diabetic patients in 2014?

A

0.50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus II?

A

One classic symptom or severe metabolic abnormality + one glucose value falling into the diabetic range.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus III?

A

Either 2 out of the three, but not measured on the same day: Venous blood plasma, laboratory testing, or OGTT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is OGTT?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the diagnostic importance of OGTT?

A

Only fasting and 120 minute postprandial glucose values are of diagnostic importance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the frequent mistakes during OGTT?

A

Urinalysis left out, presence of ketonuria, and diagnosis made based on blood glucose level measured with test strip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the medical history for diagnosing diabetes mellitus?

A

Asking about classical symptoms and other autoimmune diseases for type 1 diabetes mellitus, and frequently part of metabolic syndrome and CVD for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does age play a definitive role in the classification of diabetes mellitus?

A

No.

22
Q

What are the different types of diabetes mellitus?

A

There are four types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and Other specific types.

23
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by beta cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. It can be caused by an autoimmune mechanism (1A) or idiopathic (1B).

24
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

The characteristics of Type 1 diabetes mellitus include classical clinical symptoms, ketonuria, lack of obesity, low C-peptide level, presence of autoantibodies, presence of other organ-specific autoimmune disorders (thyroid, coeliac, Addison), family history of T1DM, and predisposing HLA haplotypes.

26
Q

What are some factors that may increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes?

A

Presence of other organ-specific autoimmune disorders, family history of T1DM, predisposing HLA haplotypes.

27
Q

What are some markers of beta cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes?

A

C-peptide deficiency, missing first-phase insulin release (IVGTT).

28
Q

What are some autoantibodies that may be present in type 1 diabetes?

A

GADA, ICA, IAA.

29
Q

What is insulitis?

A

Beta cell injury caused by inflammation of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

30
Q

What is the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Hungary?

A

The incidence ranges from 0 to 14 per 100,000 people depending on the year.

31
Q

What is the correlation between vitamin D and the risk of type 1 diabetes?

A

There is a North-South gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes and a correlation between type 1 diabetes incidence and the number of hours spent exposed to sunlight.

32
Q

What are some cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes compared to matched controls?

A

Total mortality is 29% lower and CV mortality is 42% lower in patients with type 1 diabetes.

33
Q

What are some former names for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Adult onset diabetes, NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus).

34
Q

What is the Swedish National Diabetes Register?

A

A database that collects data on diabetes patients in Sweden.

35
Q

What are some markers of beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes?

A

Reduced insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance.

36
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

Insulin resistance is when the normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal reaction.

37
Q

What are the causes of insulin resistance?

A

Causes of insulin resistance include obesity (25%, visceral, adipocytokines), passive lifestyle (25%), genetics (50%, ethnic differences), age, and nutrition (CH↑, fat↓, cytokine production ↓).

38
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include positive family history, being overweight, old age, sedentary lifestyle, pregnancy, and GDM.

39
Q

What is the percentage of type 2 diabetic patients who are overweight or obese?

A

90% of type 2 diabetic patients are overweight or obese.

40
Q

What is the “thrifty gene” hypothesis?

A

The “thrifty gene” hypothesis suggests that certain genes that were advantageous for survival during times of food scarcity may now contribute to the pandemic of obesity.

41
Q

What is the “thrifty gene” hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that certain genes that were advantageous for survival during times of food scarcity may now contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in modern times.

42
Q

What is the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the USA according to the 2000 data?

A

No data, 26.0% for obesity and No data, 9.0% for diabetes.

43
Q

What is the Whitehall II study?

A

A study that investigated the relationship between social and economic status and health outcomes, including the development of type 2 diabetes.

44
Q

What is the necessity of early intervention in type 2 diabetes?

A

There is a progressive decrease in beta cell function before diagnosis, making early intervention necessary to preserve beta cell function.

45
Q

What is HOMA?

A

HOMA is a method used to estimate beta cell function based on fasting glucose and insulin levels.

46
Q

What is the focus of the Whitehall II study?

A

The study focuses on the relationship between pre-diagnosis type 2 diabetes and postprandial blood sugar levels, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion.

47
Q

What is LADA?

A

LADA stands for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults, which is a slowly progressing type 1 diabetes mellitus that is initially manageable with diet but requires insulin treatment later on.

48
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing LADA?

A

The criteria for diagnosing LADA include diagnosis during adulthood (>30 years), absence of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients, negative family history for T2DM, slow progression, low C-peptide level, and antibody positivity.

49
Q

What is the role of individualized diets in managing diabetes?

A

Individualized diets can play a crucial role in managing diabetes by helping patients maintain healthy blood sugar levels and manage their weight.

50
Q

What are the limitations of lifestyle changes in managing diabetes?

A

People are fallible, and lifestyle changes can be challenging to maintain in the long term, which can limit their effectiveness in managing diabetes.

1. Internal Medicine I (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions