9/5 Flashcards
linguistic competence
Refers to the knowledge of grammar and vocabulary.
linguistic performance
a speaker’s actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)
performance error
those errors made by learners when they are tired or hurried.
speech communication chain
the processes of speech production
speech communication chain steps
• auditory feedback to the speaker, • speech transmission (through air or over an electronic communication system (to the listener), and • speech perception and understanding by the listener.
noise
a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance.
lexicon
the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.
mental grammar
The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.
language variation
The regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between languages, dialects, and speakers is known as interspeaker variation.
descriptive grammar
The grammatical elements and rules of a language as it is actually used. Descriptive grammars are written by linguists who study how people create and use a language.
evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)
- strokes & mechanics of writing
- speech & sound production
- word choice
- meaning
reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)
- You’re going to sound more organized when you put something in writing.
- Writing is a great permanent way to remember things.
- When you write, you can make anything happen
prescriptive grammar
It is the traditional approach of grammar that tells people how to use the English language, what forms they should utilize, and what functions they should serve.
prescribe
to lay down a rule
Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)
duality, productivity, arbitrariness, interchangeability, specialisation, displacement and cultural transmission
mode of communication
interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational
semanticity
the quality that a linguistic system has of being able to convey meanings, in particular by reference to the world of physical reality.
pragmatic function
the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee)
interchangeability
the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange.
cultural transmission
is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
arbitrariness
he quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
linguistic sign
any unit of language (morpheme, word, phrase, or sentence) used to designate objects or phenomena of reality.
convention
a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity.
non-arbitrariness
not subject to individual determination.
iconic
widely recognized and well-established
onomatopoeia
the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle ).
conventionalized
represent in a traditional or conventional way.
sound symbolism
the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound, as in bang, fizz, and slide.
discreteness
the state of being kept distinct
displacement
the moving of something from its place or position.
productivity
the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.
modality
particular mode in which something exists or is experienced or expressed.
myths about signed languages (list 4)
- The meanings of words shall not be allowed to vary or change
- Some languages are just not good enough
- The media are ruining English
- French is a logical language
differences between codes and languages (list 4)
Coding is a part of programming that deals with writing code that a machine can translate. Programming is the process of creating a program that follows certain standards and performs a certain task. Coding doesn’t require as many software tools since its just an act of code translation to machine readable form
