9/5

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

Refers to the knowledge of grammar and vocabulary.

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

a speaker’s actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

those errors made by learners when they are tired or hurried.

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

the processes of speech production

Question 5

speech communication chain steps

Answer 5

• auditory feedback to the speaker, • speech transmission (through air or over an electronic communication system (to the listener), and • speech perception and understanding by the listener.

Question 6

noise

Answer 6

a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance.

Question 7

lexicon

Answer 7

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.

Question 8

mental grammar

Answer 8

The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.

Question 9

language variation

Answer 9

The regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between languages, dialects, and speakers is known as interspeaker variation.

Question 10

descriptive grammar

Answer 10

The grammatical elements and rules of a language as it is actually used. Descriptive grammars are written by linguists who study how people create and use a language.

Question 11

evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)

Answer 11

• strokes & mechanics of writing
• speech & sound production
• word choice
• meaning

Question 12

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)

Answer 12

• You’re going to sound more organized when you put something in writing.
• Writing is a great permanent way to remember things.
• When you write, you can make anything happen

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

It is the traditional approach of grammar that tells people how to use the English language, what forms they should utilize, and what functions they should serve.

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

to lay down a rule

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)

Answer 15

duality, productivity, arbitrariness, interchangeability, specialisation, displacement and cultural transmission

Question 16

mode of communication

Answer 16

interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational

Question 17

semanticity

Answer 17

the quality that a linguistic system has of being able to convey meanings, in particular by reference to the world of physical reality.

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee)

Question 19

interchangeability

Answer 19

the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange.

Question 20

cultural transmission

Answer 20

is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.

Question 21

arbitrariness

Answer 21

he quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.

Question 22

linguistic sign

Answer 22

any unit of language (morpheme, word, phrase, or sentence) used to designate objects or phenomena of reality.

Question 23

convention

Answer 23

a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity.

Question 24

non-arbitrariness

Answer 24

not subject to individual determination.

Question 25

iconic

Answer 25

widely recognized and well-established

Question 26

onomatopoeia

Answer 26

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle ).

Question 27

conventionalized

Answer 27

represent in a traditional or conventional way.

Question 28

sound symbolism

Answer 28

the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound, as in bang, fizz, and slide.

Question 29

discreteness

Answer 29

the state of being kept distinct

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

the moving of something from its place or position.

Question 31

productivity

Answer 31

the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.

Question 32

modality

Answer 32

particular mode in which something exists or is experienced or expressed.

Question 33

myths about signed languages (list 4)

Answer 33

• The meanings of words shall not be allowed to vary or change
• Some languages are just not good enough
• The media are ruining English
• French is a logical language

Question 34

differences between codes and languages (list 4)

Answer 34

Coding is a part of programming that deals with writing code that a machine can translate. Programming is the process of creating a program that follows certain standards and performs a certain task. Coding doesn’t require as many software tools since its just an act of code translation to machine readable form