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AP Euro- Unit 9/10 > 9/10 > Flashcards

9/10 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Countries discontent with and demanded the revision of Versailles

A

Germany, France, Yugoslavia

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1
Q

Political and economic factors which existed after Versailles

A

Europe lost global financial dominance, trade disrupted, casualties

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2
Q

Actors which pulled Europe into the Great Depression

A

Financial crisis (stockmarket crash), lack of production and consumption, failure of governments and policies (Britain and France), distribution of goods, and French Occupation of the the Ruhr

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3
Q

The French Occupation of the Ruhr

A

January 1923, Germans defaulted on reparations, passive resistance, hyperinflation, Dawes Plan

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4
Q

The Lausanne Conferencd

A

And era of reparation payments

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5
Q

Causes and effects of the lack of production and distribution of commodities in the interwar years

A

Agricultural price went down, industrial prices rise, unemployment, less demand

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6
Q

British response to the Great Depression

A

Labour Party, The National Government– Ramsey McDonald

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7
Q

French response to the Great Depression

A

The Popular Front – labor reform (40 hour max workweek, paid vacations, and ultimately failed, liberals/Democrats/Socialists)

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8
Q

Irish Independence

A

The Easter Rising (1916), Irish War of Independence (1919–21), Michael Collins, 1949 – On map, Sinn Fein “ourselves alone”

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9
Q

Significance of the USSR in post-World War I Europe

A

Most important political movement from 1922–1991

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10
Q

The NEP

A

Some private enterprise outside of “commanding Heights” – big industry/banking/military

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11
Q

Causes and effects of War Communism

A

During Russian Civil War, Bolshevik + authoritarian rule, Cheka – secret police, centralize politics + economy

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12
Q

Facts about the Third International

A

“The Comintern”, divided communist – unsuccessful, model for communism, 21 Conditions

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13
Q

Facts about the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin

A

Trotsky – international, rapid industrialization, Marxist, collectivization

Stalin – “socialism in one country”, NEP, slow industrialization

Stalin wins

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14
Q

Facts about the 5 Year Plans

A

Out produce capitalist countries/world, consumer goods not produced, industrial cities, negative social/human costs

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15
Q

Facts about Collectivization of Agriculture

A

Make production efficient + equal, replaced Kulak/peasant farms with state run, had to stop because violence

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16
Q

Stalin’s Purges

A

Mass extermination of threats – political rivals, millions killed/executed, wanted power (paranoid), new Bolshevik party (loyal/dependent)

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17
Q

Facts and characteristics about Fascism

A

Right wing, “strength through unity”, anti-– socialist/democratic/semetic, nationalism, one Machiavelli and leader, Pro middle-class/small business

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18
Q

March on Rome (October 22–29, 1922)

A

Mussolini becomes Prime Minister – LEGALLY

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19
Q

The Lateran Accord of 1929

A

Peace made with Roman Catholic Church, Vatican City “Holy Sea”, Pope = ruler, land given back/paid, Catholicism = main religion of Italy

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20
Q

Fascist Economics

A

Corporatism (similar to NEP)

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21
Q

The role of women in Fascist Italy

A

Children, loyalty fascism/state, low skilled jobs/wages

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22
Q

How Poland came to exist again on the map of Europe

A

Pieced together from Austria, Germany, Russia

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23
Q

Dictatorships of S. E. Europe

A

Yugoslavia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, NOT Czechoslovakia

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24
Q

Facts about the Weimar Republic and Constitution

A

Abdication of Wilhelm II, end Hollenzolern dynasty, enlightened – new civil liberties, Article 48 – flawed, appoint own people (chancellor) + rule by decree

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25
Q

Reasons and examples for the lack of popular support of the Weimar Republic

A

Felt it wasn’t their decision, didn’t have a say, leaders tied to Paris Peace Settlement + Treaty of Varsailles – reparations, loss of glory, March 1920 – Kapp Putsch, Ruhr Uprising

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26
Q

Hyperinflation

A

Reparation payments, Occupation of the Ruhr

1:4, 1:64, 1923–1:4.2 million

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27
Q

Facts about Hitler’s early career

A

From Austria, wanted to be an artist, fights World War I, earns Iron Cross, nationalistic, introduced to Nazis, anti-Semitic

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28
Q

Facts about the Nazis

A

Socialism = extreme nationalist – good for the nation

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29
Q

Similarities between Mussolini and Hitler

A

Legal power, opportunists, Machiavellian, single leadership, right winged, fought World War I, Black + Brown shirts, anti-Semitic

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30
Q

Mein Kampf

A

“My struggle” – 1925, Lebensraum, get rid of Untermenschen, anti-Semitism + justification, Germany go back to power

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31
Q

Impact of Gustav ‘s Stressemann

A

Restore public hope, passive resistance, rentimar, Dawes Plan

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32
Q

The Locarno Agreements

A

“Spirit of Locarno” – optimism, until great depression

33
Q

How the Nazis came to power within the Reichstag

A

Great Depression/unemployment (6 million)

34
Q

How Hitler became Chancellor (January 1933)

A

Legal means, mistakes of former chancellors, won support

35
Q

Ways in which Hitler consolidated power

A

Reichstag Fire, Enabling Act – suspend civil liberties, Rome Putsch – eliminated SA/brown shirts

36
Q

Phases of Nazi anti-Semitism

A

Exclusion – > racial legislation (Nuremberg Laws) – > final solution (extermination)

37
Q

The rolls of woman in Nazi Germany

A

Children – loyalty to state, natural laborers (low skilled – teachers), consumers (German goods)

38
Q

Facts about the Nazi economic policy

A

For Year Plans – “strength through Joy”, loyalty to state

39
Q

Factors/events which led to World War II

A

World War I + Treaty of Varsailles + Great Depression + Nazis/Hitler

40
Q

Examples of how the League of Nations failed

A

1931 – Manchurian Crisis, 1935 – German rearmament, October 1935 – Italy invaded Ethiopia, 1936 –Invasion of the Rhineland

41
Q

Results of Italy’s attack on Ethiopia

A

League of Nations – economic sanctions (not oil), led to Pact of Steel (Germany + Italy), discredited collective security

42
Q

Consequences of Germany’s invasion of the Rhineland

A

Appeasement

43
Q

Facts about the Spanish Civil War

A

1936–1839, Francisco Franco, set ideological battle lines (sides), Fascists win, Bombing of Guernica

44
Q

German aggression of Austria and Czechoslovakia

A

Anschluss, 1938, Sudetenland (September 1938), Czechoslovakia annexed March 1939, Treaty of Versailles = dead letter

45
Q

The Munich Conference

A

September 29, 1938 – achieved “peace”, Hitler = no more territorial demands, discredited appeasement, Prague

46
Q

Facts about Germany’s conquest of Europe through 1949

A

Poland – > Norway + Denmark + Netherlands + Luxembourg + France + Belgium

47
Q

The Lend – Lease Act

A

1941 – US lend materials, Britain lease land for military base (Naval), US = “arsenal of democracy” – FDR

48
Q

The Battle of Britain

A

August 1940–1941: “war in the sky”, Operation Sea Lion, RAF vs. Luftwaffe, London Blitz, Hitler defeated

49
Q

Operation Barbarosa

A

Germany against USSR, not successful (USSR winter), until 1945

50
Q

Factors that drew the US into the war

A

December 7, 1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor

51
Q

Facts about the North African campaign

A

October 1942 – Desert Fox (Rommel) defeated at El Alamein, Bernard Montgomery, George Patt

52
Q

The Italian Campaign

A

“Operation torch”, Germany weakend on all fronts – divert troops, Mussolini toppled, “soft underbelly” – Churchhill

53
Q

The Battle of Stalingrad

A

1 million casualties, led to German failure

54
Q

Strategic Bombing

A

USA: “precision bombing”, Britain: “area bombing”

55
Q

D – Day

A

June 6, 1944: “Operation Overlord”, largest amphibious attack, Normandy, Allied victory, France liberated

56
Q

The costs of World War II

A

Mass death – 40 million

57
Q

Victims, statistics, and explanations of the Holocaust

A

6 million Jews died, Jews/Gypsies/Slavs/homosexuals, 90% of Jews killed in Poland, widespread propaganda, anti-Semitism

58
Q

Descriptions of the domestic fronts in Britain, France, Germany, and the USSR

A

Germany = total war, France = Charles de Gaulle, Britain = total support – rationing, USSR = Great Patriotic War

59
Q

Preparations for peace during and after World War II: obstacles, the Atlantic Charter, Tehran, and Potsdam

A

Ideological differences, AC = FDR + Churchhill – plan for victory, Tehran – big three, Western front, Potsdam = occupational zones

60
Q

The political movements which shaped the global community since World War II

A

Communism, Cold War, decolonization

61
Q

The “Iron Curtain”

A

Winston Churchill, Western = Democratic, Eastern = communist (Baltic to Adriatic), 1946 – Missouri

62
Q

American foreign-policy after World War II: containment, The Truman Doctrine, and the Marshall Plan

A

How – international anti-Communist alliances, military spending, money to democratic countries, TD: Greece Civil War, MP: financial aid

63
Q

Stalinist policies imposed on Eastern European states

A

Single party rule, military cooperation with USSR, collectivization, dominance of education

64
Q

Facts about the postwar division of Germany

A

USSR = strip industrialization, Western = Constitution, new currency (deutsche mark)

USSR = Berlin Blockade, led to airlift, created two Germanies

65
Q

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

A

NATO: April 1949 – military economic alliance (Western)

Warsaw Pact: May 1955, USSR

SEATO: alliance of Asia + NATO

66
Q

Facts about the creation of Israel

A

May 14, 1948: UN Resolution, US supports Jews, USSR with Arabs

67
Q

Causes and effects of Europe’s retreat from Empire

A

Nationalistic revolts, World War II efforts on war - not colonies, economic collapse, Cold War

68
Q

Major areas of colonial withdrawal

A

East Indies – Indonesia , Belgium – from Congo, Portugal – from Mozambique + Angola, Britain: from India + Burma + Palestine + Sri Lanka + Gold Coast (Ghana)

69
Q

Chronology of major events of World War II

A 
Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939)
Fall of France (May 1940)
Battle of Britain (September 1940)
El Alamein (July 1942)
Battle of Stalingrad (1943)
Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944–45)
Battle of Berlin (April-May 1945)
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
V-J Day (Sept 2, 1945)
70
Q

The Khrushchev Era

A

The Secret Speech – denounces Stalin, retreated from Stalin policies

71
Q

The Brezhenev Era

A

The Prague Spring, the Brezhenev Doctrine, Dètente, SALT, Afghan War, Poland, solidarity

72
Q

Collapse of European communism

A

Gorbachev, Revolutions of 1989,, Yeltsin Decade

73
Q

Collapse of the USSR

A

Renunciation of communist monopoly, unrest in Soviet republics, the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) Boris Yeltsin, Coup of 1991

74
Q

Causes and effects of the breakup of Yugoslavia

A

Different religions, The Yugoslav Wars, ethnic cleansing (not Slavic/Christian, war rape)

75
Q

Terrorist attacks in the 21st-century

A

The Beslan Massacare

76
Q

Fall of the Berlin wall

A

1989

77
Q

Indian independence

A

Kipling – “White Man’s Burden”, Ghandi, Pakistan + Bangladesh born

78
Q

French decolonization

A

Algeria – Charles de Gaulle, French Indochina

79
Q

Rule Russian Federation after 1991

A

Yeltsin, Putin, economy (oil/natural gas), political trade-offs

80
Q

US involvement in Vietnam War

A

Johnson increased investment in Vietnam – 500,000 troops deployed, Nixon withdrew troops – 1973 = no troops

81
Q

Chronological events of the Cold War

A 
Israel (1940)
Soviet Union gets atomic bomb (1949)
Korean War (1950–1953)
Vietnam (1953–1975)
Afghanistan (1979–1989)

AP Euro- Unit 9/10 (2 decks)

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