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AP Euro- Unit 9/10 > 9/10 > Flashcards

9/10 Flashcards

0
Q

Countries discontent with and demanded the revision of Versailles

A

Germany, France, Yugoslavia

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1
Q

Political and economic factors which existed after Versailles

A

Europe lost global financial dominance, trade disrupted, casualties

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2
Q

Actors which pulled Europe into the Great Depression

A

Financial crisis (stockmarket crash), lack of production and consumption, failure of governments and policies (Britain and France), distribution of goods, and French Occupation of the the Ruhr

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3
Q

The French Occupation of the Ruhr

A

January 1923, Germans defaulted on reparations, passive resistance, hyperinflation, Dawes Plan

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4
Q

The Lausanne Conferencd

A

And era of reparation payments

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5
Q

Causes and effects of the lack of production and distribution of commodities in the interwar years

A

Agricultural price went down, industrial prices rise, unemployment, less demand

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6
Q

British response to the Great Depression

A

Labour Party, The National Government– Ramsey McDonald

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7
Q

French response to the Great Depression

A

The Popular Front – labor reform (40 hour max workweek, paid vacations, and ultimately failed, liberals/Democrats/Socialists)

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8
Q

Irish Independence

A

The Easter Rising (1916), Irish War of Independence (1919–21), Michael Collins, 1949 – On map, Sinn Fein “ourselves alone”

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9
Q

Significance of the USSR in post-World War I Europe

A

Most important political movement from 1922–1991

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10
Q

The NEP

A

Some private enterprise outside of “commanding Heights” – big industry/banking/military

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11
Q

Causes and effects of War Communism

A

During Russian Civil War, Bolshevik + authoritarian rule, Cheka – secret police, centralize politics + economy

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12
Q

Facts about the Third International

A

“The Comintern”, divided communist – unsuccessful, model for communism, 21 Conditions

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13
Q

Facts about the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin

A

Trotsky – international, rapid industrialization, Marxist, collectivization

Stalin – “socialism in one country”, NEP, slow industrialization

Stalin wins

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14
Q

Facts about the 5 Year Plans

A

Out produce capitalist countries/world, consumer goods not produced, industrial cities, negative social/human costs

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15
Q

Facts about Collectivization of Agriculture

A

Make production efficient + equal, replaced Kulak/peasant farms with state run, had to stop because violence

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16
Q

Stalin’s Purges

A

Mass extermination of threats – political rivals, millions killed/executed, wanted power (paranoid), new Bolshevik party (loyal/dependent)

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17
Q

Facts and characteristics about Fascism

A

Right wing, “strength through unity”, anti-– socialist/democratic/semetic, nationalism, one Machiavelli and leader, Pro middle-class/small business

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18
Q

March on Rome (October 22–29, 1922)

A

Mussolini becomes Prime Minister – LEGALLY

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19
Q

The Lateran Accord of 1929

A

Peace made with Roman Catholic Church, Vatican City “Holy Sea”, Pope = ruler, land given back/paid, Catholicism = main religion of Italy

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20
Q

Fascist Economics

A

Corporatism (similar to NEP)

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21
Q

The role of women in Fascist Italy

A

Children, loyalty fascism/state, low skilled jobs/wages

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22
Q

How Poland came to exist again on the map of Europe

A

Pieced together from Austria, Germany, Russia

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23
Q

Dictatorships of S. E. Europe

A

Yugoslavia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, NOT Czechoslovakia

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24
Facts about the Weimar Republic and Constitution
Abdication of Wilhelm II, end Hollenzolern dynasty, enlightened – new civil liberties, Article 48 – flawed, appoint own people (chancellor) + rule by decree
25
Reasons and examples for the lack of popular support of the Weimar Republic
Felt it wasn't their decision, didn't have a say, leaders tied to Paris Peace Settlement + Treaty of Varsailles – reparations, loss of glory, March 1920 – Kapp Putsch, Ruhr Uprising
26
Hyperinflation
Reparation payments, Occupation of the Ruhr 1:4, 1:64, 1923–1:4.2 million
27
Facts about Hitler's early career
From Austria, wanted to be an artist, fights World War I, earns Iron Cross, nationalistic, introduced to Nazis, anti-Semitic
28
Facts about the Nazis
Socialism = extreme nationalist – good for the nation
29
Similarities between Mussolini and Hitler
Legal power, opportunists, Machiavellian, single leadership, right winged, fought World War I, Black + Brown shirts, anti-Semitic
30
Mein Kampf
"My struggle" – 1925, Lebensraum, get rid of Untermenschen, anti-Semitism + justification, Germany go back to power
31
Impact of Gustav 's Stressemann
Restore public hope, passive resistance, rentimar, Dawes Plan
32
The Locarno Agreements
"Spirit of Locarno" – optimism, until great depression
33
How the Nazis came to power within the Reichstag
Great Depression/unemployment (6 million)
34
How Hitler became Chancellor (January 1933)
Legal means, mistakes of former chancellors, won support
35
Ways in which Hitler consolidated power
Reichstag Fire, Enabling Act – suspend civil liberties, Rome Putsch – eliminated SA/brown shirts
36
Phases of Nazi anti-Semitism
Exclusion – > racial legislation (Nuremberg Laws) – > final solution (extermination)
37
The rolls of woman in Nazi Germany
Children – loyalty to state, natural laborers (low skilled – teachers), consumers (German goods)
38
Facts about the Nazi economic policy
For Year Plans – "strength through Joy", loyalty to state
39
Factors/events which led to World War II
World War I + Treaty of Varsailles + Great Depression + Nazis/Hitler
40
Examples of how the League of Nations failed
1931 – Manchurian Crisis, 1935 – German rearmament, October 1935 – Italy invaded Ethiopia, 1936 –Invasion of the Rhineland
41
Results of Italy's attack on Ethiopia
League of Nations – economic sanctions (not oil), led to Pact of Steel (Germany + Italy), discredited collective security
42
Consequences of Germany's invasion of the Rhineland
Appeasement
43
Facts about the Spanish Civil War
1936–1839, Francisco Franco, set ideological battle lines (sides), Fascists win, Bombing of Guernica
44
German aggression of Austria and Czechoslovakia
Anschluss, 1938, Sudetenland (September 1938), Czechoslovakia annexed March 1939, Treaty of Versailles = dead letter
45
The Munich Conference
September 29, 1938 – achieved "peace", Hitler = no more territorial demands, discredited appeasement, Prague
46
Facts about Germany's conquest of Europe through 1949
Poland – > Norway + Denmark + Netherlands + Luxembourg + France + Belgium
47
The Lend – Lease Act
1941 – US lend materials, Britain lease land for military base (Naval), US = "arsenal of democracy" – FDR
48
The Battle of Britain
August 1940–1941: "war in the sky", Operation Sea Lion, RAF vs. Luftwaffe, London Blitz, Hitler defeated
49
Operation Barbarosa
Germany against USSR, not successful (USSR winter), until 1945
50
Factors that drew the US into the war
December 7, 1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor
51
Facts about the North African campaign
October 1942 – Desert Fox (Rommel) defeated at El Alamein, Bernard Montgomery, George Patt
52
The Italian Campaign
"Operation torch", Germany weakend on all fronts – divert troops, Mussolini toppled, "soft underbelly" – Churchhill
53
The Battle of Stalingrad
1 million casualties, led to German failure
54
Strategic Bombing
USA: "precision bombing", Britain: "area bombing"
55
D – Day
June 6, 1944: "Operation Overlord", largest amphibious attack, Normandy, Allied victory, France liberated
56
The costs of World War II
Mass death – 40 million
57
Victims, statistics, and explanations of the Holocaust
6 million Jews died, Jews/Gypsies/Slavs/homosexuals, 90% of Jews killed in Poland, widespread propaganda, anti-Semitism
58
Descriptions of the domestic fronts in Britain, France, Germany, and the USSR
Germany = total war, France = Charles de Gaulle, Britain = total support – rationing, USSR = Great Patriotic War
59
Preparations for peace during and after World War II: obstacles, the Atlantic Charter, Tehran, and Potsdam
Ideological differences, AC = FDR + Churchhill – plan for victory, Tehran – big three, Western front, Potsdam = occupational zones
60
The political movements which shaped the global community since World War II
Communism, Cold War, decolonization
61
The "Iron Curtain"
Winston Churchill, Western = Democratic, Eastern = communist (Baltic to Adriatic), 1946 – Missouri
62
American foreign-policy after World War II: containment, The Truman Doctrine, and the Marshall Plan
How – international anti-Communist alliances, military spending, money to democratic countries, TD: Greece Civil War, MP: financial aid
63
Stalinist policies imposed on Eastern European states
Single party rule, military cooperation with USSR, collectivization, dominance of education
64
Facts about the postwar division of Germany
USSR = strip industrialization, Western = Constitution, new currency (deutsche mark) USSR = Berlin Blockade, led to airlift, created two Germanies
65
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
NATO: April 1949 – military economic alliance (Western) Warsaw Pact: May 1955, USSR SEATO: alliance of Asia + NATO
66
Facts about the creation of Israel
May 14, 1948: UN Resolution, US supports Jews, USSR with Arabs
67
Causes and effects of Europe's retreat from Empire
Nationalistic revolts, World War II efforts on war - not colonies, economic collapse, Cold War
68
Major areas of colonial withdrawal
East Indies – Indonesia , Belgium – from Congo, Portugal – from Mozambique + Angola, Britain: from India + Burma + Palestine + Sri Lanka + Gold Coast (Ghana)
69
Chronology of major events of World War II
``` Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939) Fall of France (May 1940) Battle of Britain (September 1940) El Alamein (July 1942) Battle of Stalingrad (1943) Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944–45) Battle of Berlin (April-May 1945) V-E Day (May 8, 1945) V-J Day (Sept 2, 1945) ```
70
The Khrushchev Era
The Secret Speech – denounces Stalin, retreated from Stalin policies
71
The Brezhenev Era
The Prague Spring, the Brezhenev Doctrine, Dètente, SALT, Afghan War, Poland, solidarity
72
Collapse of European communism
Gorbachev, Revolutions of 1989,, Yeltsin Decade
73
Collapse of the USSR
Renunciation of communist monopoly, unrest in Soviet republics, the Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) Boris Yeltsin, Coup of 1991
74
Causes and effects of the breakup of Yugoslavia
Different religions, The Yugoslav Wars, ethnic cleansing (not Slavic/Christian, war rape)
75
Terrorist attacks in the 21st-century
The Beslan Massacare
76
Fall of the Berlin wall
1989
77
Indian independence
Kipling – "White Man's Burden", Ghandi, Pakistan + Bangladesh born
78
French decolonization
Algeria – Charles de Gaulle, French Indochina
79
Rule Russian Federation after 1991
Yeltsin, Putin, economy (oil/natural gas), political trade-offs
80
US involvement in Vietnam War
Johnson increased investment in Vietnam – 500,000 troops deployed, Nixon withdrew troops – 1973 = no troops
81
Chronological events of the Cold War
``` Israel (1940) Soviet Union gets atomic bomb (1949) Korean War (1950–1953) Vietnam (1953–1975) Afghanistan (1979–1989) ```

AP Euro- Unit 9/10 (2 decks)

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