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Science > 8th grade science vocab terms > Flashcards

8th grade science vocab terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

opposite poles of a magnet do this

A

attract

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2
Q

the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends (includes gamma, x-ray, UV, visible light, infrared, microwave, and radio waves)

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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3
Q

analyzed preserved remains, traces of animals & plants, and microorganisms to reconstruct the history of life on Earth

A

fossil record

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4
Q

generated when a bar magnet is moved through a wire coil

A

electric current

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5
Q

uses curved mirrors, largest optical telescopes in the world

A

reflecting telescope

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6
Q

empty space that only electromagnetic waves can travel through

A

vacuum

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7
Q

part of the earth’s crust that is thick but not as dense as oceanic crust

A

continental crust

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8
Q

formed when oceanic crust subducts under continental crust at subduction zones (Convergence-Oceanic subduction)

A

volcanic mountain range

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9
Q

also known as artificial selection, is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics.

A

selective breeding

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10
Q

change in direction of waves that occurs when waves travel from one medium to another.

A

refraction

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11
Q

formed in the ocean when magma rises up, erupts, cools and solidifies and pushes the sea-floor outwards.

A

mid ocean ridge

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12
Q

Long, narrow ditches in the Earth’s crust when 2 or more oceanic plates converge and one subducts under the other.

A

trench

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13
Q

a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity.

A

sea floor spreading

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14
Q

waves that don’t require a medium.

A

electromagnetic wave

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15
Q

bouncing back of waves.

A

reflection

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16
Q

thinnest layer of the Earth.

A

crust

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17
Q

68% of Earth’s mass, movement in this layer causes the movement of the continents (convection currents)

A

mantle

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18
Q

uses mechanical energy to produce electricity.

A

generator

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19
Q

type of mechanical wave where the energy runs at right angles (perpendicular) to the wave.

A

transverse wave

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20
Q

during the first and third quarters of the Moon, Moon and Sun are at right angles to each other.

A

neap tide

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21
Q

occurs whenever there is a full or new moon, Sun and Moon must either be in a straight line on the same side of Earth, or they must be on opposite sides of Earth, gravity causes very high and very low tides

A

spring tide

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22
Q

largely metallic and mainly iron, the outer core is liquid and responsible for generating the Earth’s magnetic field

A

outer core

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23
Q

when one plate dives under another plate due to it being more dense.

A

subduction

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24
Q

most dense layer of Earth, SOLID DUE TO IMMENSE PRESSURE. This is also why it is the hottest layer.

A

inner core

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25
Q

occurs when two plates collide together. Form mountains, island arcs, volcanos. and ocean trenches.

A

convergent plate boundary

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26
Q

occurs when an object moves towards the observer

A

blueshift

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27
Q

plates that are moving apart. Form mid ocean ridges and continental drift zones

A

divergent plate boundary

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28
Q

For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction

A

Newton’s 3rd law

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29
Q

force that opposes motion

A

friction

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30
Q

Structures that have “lost” their original use

A

Vestigial structure

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31
Q

simply a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core connected to an electric current producing a magnetic field.

A

electromagnet

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32
Q

Two ways to increase strength of electromagnet

A

1) increase current 2) increase number of coils

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33
Q

Age of a fossil by comparing it to the fossils around it, generally which is older and which is younger- no exact numbers.

A

Relative age

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34
Q

similar structure, different function/job

A

Homologous structure

35
Q

different structure, similar function/job

A

analogous structure

36
Q

also known as selective breeding, is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics.

A

artificial selection

37
Q

uses refracting lenses to see things within our solar system.

A

refracting telescope

38
Q

one complete wave cycle; usually measured crest to crest or trough to trough

A

wavelength

39
Q

any characteristic or trait that allows an organism to survive

A

adaptation

40
Q

lowest point of a wave

A

trough

41
Q

highest part of a wave

A

crest

42
Q

proposed the theory of Continental Drift which became the basis for today’s modern plate tectonic theory.

A

Alfred Wegener

43
Q

a break in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust, along which rocks on either side have moved past each other.

A

fault

44
Q

when plates slide past each other.

A

transform plate boundary

45
Q

rides on plates and is more dense but less thick than continental crust.

A

oceanic crust

46
Q

speed and direction

A

velocity

47
Q

can be moved through a wire coil to induce an electric current

A

bar magnet

48
Q

Proposed the process of natural selection based on observations made during his travels.

A

Charles Darwin

49
Q

Describes how force and mass affects acceleration (f=ma)

A

Newton’s 2nd law of motion

50
Q

below lithosphere and part of upper mantle, behaves plastically and flexible, hot solid and malleable

A

Asthenosphere

51
Q

part of the crust and uppermost mantle, floats on top of the asthenosphere, brittle and rigid

A

Lithosphere

52
Q

process by which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring, so their traits become more common over time.

A

Natural Selection

53
Q

type of mechanical wave in which the energy flows parallel to the wave. (rarefaction, compression)

A

Longitudinal wave

54
Q

occurs when waves bend around small obstacles or openings.

A

Diffraction

55
Q

when water reaches the lowest point (twice a day)

A

low tide

56
Q

when water reaches the highest point (twice a day)

A

high tide

57
Q

An unmanned spacecraft designed to explore the solar system & transmit data back to earth, uses radio waves

A

space probe

58
Q

used for navigation systems, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

navigational satellites

59
Q

receive and send signals for telephone, television, or other types of communications.

A

communication satellites

60
Q

Take pictures of Earth’s surface for military or scientific purposes.

A

imaging satellites

61
Q

body of matter

A

medium

62
Q

waves that require a medium to travel in. (sound waves, water waves, etc.)

A

mechanical wave

63
Q

rocks that have been changed due to temperature and pressure increases.

A

metamorphic

64
Q

(primary) First to be detected by seismometer, Longitudinal motion, refract/bend when changing earth’s layers- faster in denser material, FASTEST MOVING WAVES, Travel fastest through SOLID inner core

A

P-wave

65
Q

(secondary) Half as fast a P-waves, Arrive second at seismographs, Transverse motion, Can only travel through solids

A

S-wave

66
Q

distance of a wave measured from the equilibrium point (how high or low the wave goes)

A

amplitude

67
Q

Number of vibrations per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz), determines pitch in sound waves, determines color in light waves.

A

frequency

68
Q

Device used to separate white light from a star into a very wide spectrum of color, Gives information about wavelength, frequency, & energy, HELPS DETERMINE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STARS

A

spectroscope

69
Q

when energy of a wave is not transferred though or reflected by the medium.

A

absorption

70
Q

when waves pass through a point or a medium.

A

transmission

71
Q

this is what like poles on a magnet do.

A

repel

72
Q

takes electrical energy and converts it to mechanical energy/motion.

A

motor

73
Q

amount of matter in an object

A

mass

74
Q

is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Can be “intrusive”(cools inside Earth) OR “extrusive” (outside)

A

igneous rock

75
Q

physical traits or characteristics

A

phenotype

76
Q

rocks formed by deposition and cementation in layers. Most fossils are found in this type of rock.

A

sedimentary

77
Q

force of gravity acting on an object.

A

weight

78
Q

is the theory that the Earth’s continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have “drifted” across the ocean bed.

A

continental drift

79
Q

Uses radioactive materials to determine the exact ages of rocks & fossils in each layer (radiometric dating)

A

absolute

80
Q

highest point of a wave

A

crest

81
Q

change in speed over time

A

acceleration

82
Q

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion UNLESS acted on by an outside force.

A

Newton’s 1st law

83
Q

occurs when an object is moving away from an observer.

A

Redshift

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