8.3 Organisms Flashcards
Gas exchange
The transfer of gases between an organism and its environment
Lungs
The organ in which gas exchange takes place
Ribs
Bones which surround the lungs to form the ribcage and protect the lungs
Respiratory system
Organ system which replaces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
Trachea
Tube which carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs
Bronchus
One of two tubes which carry air into the lungs
Bronchiole
Small tube in the lung
Alveoli
Small air sacs found at the end of each bronchiole where gas exchange takes place in the blood
Breathing
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
Inhale
Breathing in, to take oxygen
Respiration
The process that transfers energy in plants and animals.
Exhale
Breathing out, to remove carbon dioxide
Condense
The change of state from gas to liquid
Describe some of the adaptations of alveoli
- They create a large surface area
- Thin walls this means respiration can occur quickly and easily
True or false:
The harder you exercise, the faster your breathing rate and greater the volume (depth) of breathing
True
Describe the composition of air when inhaled
Oxygen 20.96%, carbon dioxide 0.04%, nitrogen 78%, other gases 1%
Describe the composition of exhaled air
Oxygen 16%, carbon dioxide 4%, nitrogen 78%, other gases 2%
State and explain how a cyclist’s breathing rate and volume are different between riding on the flat, compared to a hill climb
Breathing rate and volume will be lower. Less oxygen is needed to be taken into the body. The cyclist requires less energy to be transferred by respiration to ride on the flat, compared to climbing a hill.
Describe, step by step, the journey that carbon dioxide takes from the alveolus out of the body
- Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood
- diffuses into an air sac (alveolus)
- moves through a bronchiole
- moves through a bronchus
- moves up the trachea
- and is exhaled through your mouth/nose.
Contract
To get shorter or smaller
Diaphragm
A sheet of muscle underneath the lungs which is used in breathing
Lung volume
Measure of the amount of air breathed in or out
Asthma
A lung disorder in which inflammation (swelling) causes bronchi to swell and narrow the airways, creating breathing difficulties
What happens to the ribcage when we inhale?
- The muscles between your ribs contract, this pulls your rib cage up and out
What happens in your body when we inhale?
- The muscles between your ribs contract, this pulls your rib cage up and out
- The diaphragm contracts, it moves down
- the volume in your chest increases
- The pressure inside your chest decreases, this draws air into the lungs
Explain what happens to show inhaling in the bell-jar model
- The rubber sheet is pulled down
- The volume inside the jar increases
- The pressure inside the jar decreases, air rushes into the jar
- The balloons inflate
Explain what happens in the body when we exhale
- The muscles in your ribs relax - this pulls your ribcage down and in
- The diaphragm relaxes - it moves up
- The volume inside your chest decreases
- The pressure inside your chest increases - this pushes air out of your lungs
What happens in the bell-jag model to show exhaling?
- The rubber sheet is pushed up
- The volume inside the jar decreases
- The pressure inside the jar increases - this makes air rush out of the jar and the balloons
- The balloons deflate
How can you measure lung volume?
You can measure your lung volume using a plastic bottle.
As you breathe out into the plastic tube, air from your lungs takes the place of the water in the bottle. If you breathe out fully, the volume of water pushed out of the bottle is equal to how much air your lungs can hold.
What can reduce lung volume?
Old age, smoking, asthma
What increases lung volume?
Regular exercise
Drug
Chemical substance that affects the way your body works
Medicinal drug
Drug that has a medical benefit to your health
Recreational drug
Drug that is taken for enjoyment
Addiction
A need to keep taking a drug in order to feel normal
Withdrawal symptoms
Unpleasant symptom a person with a drug addiction suffers from when they stop taking the drug
Give some examples of medicinal drugs
- Paracetamol (to relieve pain)
- Antibiotics (to treat infections)
Give some examples of illegal recreational drugs
- Cannabis
- Cocaine
- Heroin
- Ecstasy
Give some examples of legal recreational drugs (can still be harmful)
- Alcohol
- Tobacco
Describe three differences between medicinal drugs and recreational drugs
Medicinal drugs are used in medicine and treat symptoms or cure an illness. Recreational drugs are used for enjoyment and may help a person relax or give them more energy and they have no health benefit
Compare the effect of different types of drugs on health and behaviour
Drugs are chemicals that affect the ways the body works. They alter chemical reactions inside the body.
Medicinal drugs are beneficial to health/not taken for enjoyment.
For example, paracetamol reduces pain.
Recreational drugs are often harmful to health. These are taken for enjoyment/not beneficial to health. For example, caffeine speeds up the nervous system. You can become dependent on a drug/become addicted.
If you try to give up you may suffer withdrawal symptoms.
What are some examples of withdrawal symptoms?
Headaches, anxiety, sweating
Ethanol
The drug found in alcoholic drinks
Depressant
A drug that sold down the body’s reactions by slowing down the nervous system
Alcoholic
A person who is addicted to alcohol
Unit of alcohol
10 ml of pure alcohol
How much alcohol does the government recommend people drink per week?
Not more than 14 units
True or false:
Age, height, weight and gender don’t affect people’s reaction to alcohol
False
What can drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time do?
Can cause stomach ulcers, heart disease, brain and liver damage
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
A deadly condition which is caused by the liver having to break down large amounts of ethanol and becoming scarred. This means their liver works less efficiently, taking longer to break down alcohol and other chemicals
Explain why it is important that pregnant women avoid alcohol
Alcohol passes through to baby’s bloodstream. It affects development of organs/brain/nervous system.
This increases the risk of miscarriage, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), stillbirth, premature birth, or low weight babies.
Passive smoking
Breathing in other people’s smoke
Stimulant
A drug that speeds up the body’s reactions by speeding up the nervous system
Explain in detail three ways in which smoking can damage your health
Heart disease - arteries blocked, prevents blood flowing properly, causes heart attacks or strokes.
Emphysema - weakens walls in alveoli/burst, reduces amount of oxygen supplied to blood, person becomes breathless.
Respiratory infections - cilia paralysed, mucus flows into lungs, makes breathing hard, mucus in lungs causes infections.
What conditions does smoking increase the risk of getting?
Breathing problems, cancer, heart attacks, strokes
If parents smoke after a baby is born, what does the baby risk?
Increase the risk of sudden-infant-death syndrome (cot death) and respiratory illness such as bronchitis and pneumonia
Name 3 substances contained in tobacco and explain why they’re harmful
- tar - a sticky black material that collects in the lungs. It irritates and narrows the airways. Some of the chemicals it contains cause cancer.
- nicotine - an addictive drug that speeds up the nervous system. It is a stimulant, which makes the heart beat faster and narrows blood vessels.
- carbon monoxide - a poisonous gas that stops the blood from carrying as much oxygen as it should. It binds to the red blood cells in the place of oxygen.
Suggest why smokers cough a lot when they first wake up in the morning
To remove mucus, as cilia that would normally do this are damaged by smoking
Describe how tobacco smoke can cause problems during pregnancy
Any two of the following, for one mark each:
Increased risk of a miscarriage, cause low-birth-weight babies , affects foetal development.
Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke stops oxygen binding to haemoglobin, so less oxygen reaches baby.
