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MCBG > 8.19.16 Lecture > Flashcards

8.19.16 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic variation originates from ___.

A

Heritable DNA mutations

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2
Q

What are the four general patterns of inheritance?

A
  1. Sex-linked (encoded on X or Y chromosome)
  2. Autosomal (encoded on numeric chromosomes)
  3. Recessive (both alleles must be affected for the phenotype to be conferred)
  4. Dominant (a single mutant allele confers a phenotype)
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3
Q

Draw the following pedigree symbols:

  1. Male
  2. Female
  3. Unspecified sex
  4. # of children of a certain sex
  5. Affected
  6. Nonpenetrant carrier (may manifest disease)
  7. Obligate carrier (will not manifest disease)
  8. Proband
  9. Deceased
  10. Marriage/union
  11. Divorced
  12. Consanguinity
  13. Monozygotic twins
  14. Dizygotic twins
  15. Twins, unknown zygosity
  16. Pedigree with generations and individuals numbered
  17. Still birth
  18. Adopted into family
  19. Adopted out of family
  20. Consultand
  21. Spontaneous abortion
  22. Miscarriage
  23. No offspring
  24. Multiple unions
  25. Pregnancy (with information)
  26. Termination of pregnancy
A
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4
Q

What is the genetic constitution of an individual or locus?

A

Genotype

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5
Q

What is the outward characteristics of an individual or gene product?

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

What is one of the alternative versions of a gene or DNA sequence at a given locus?

A

Allele

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7
Q

What is the position occupied by a gene on a chromosome?

A

Locus

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8
Q

What is a genotype with identical alleles at a given locus?

A

Homozygote

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9
Q

What is a genotype with different alleles at a given locus?

A

Heterozygote

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10
Q

What is a genotype with a single allele for a given chromosome segment?

A

Hemizygous

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11
Q

What is a genotype with two different mutant alleles at one locus?

A

Compound heterozygote

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12
Q

What is an alternate genotype present in a population at >1% frequency?

A

Polymorphism

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13
Q

What is the proportion of individuals manifesting disease?

A

Penetrance

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14
Q

What is the extent to which a mutation exhibits a phenotype?

A

Expressivity

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15
Q

What results from different mutations at one locus?

A

Allelic heterogeneity

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16
Q

What results from mutations at different loci?

A

Locus heterogeneity

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17
Q

What occurs when the same mutations manifest differently among individuals?

A

Phenotypic heterogeneity

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18
Q

What type of inheritance manifests only when there is no healthy allele present (for single gene disorders)?

A

Recessive inheritance

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19
Q

Individuals carry ___ recessive alleles that are lethal in homozygotes.

A

1-5

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20
Q

What is an example of a recessive disease?

A

Sickle cell anemia

21
Q

What are the major characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance?

A
  1. Only displayed in homozygotes
  2. Appears in more than one sibling of the proband, but not in parents, offspring, or other relatives (in other words, there is clustering among siblings and absence in ancestors)
  3. Males and females are affected equally
  4. Parents are asymptomatic carriers
  5. Parents may be consanguineous
  6. The recurrence risk for siblings = 1/4
  7. Carrier risk of unaffected siblings of proband = 2/3
22
Q

What is a relationship resulting from common ancestry which increases the chance that both parents carry the same mutant allele?

A

Consanguinity

23
Q

Risk of recessive genetic disease is affected by ___, ___, and ___.

A

Consanguinity; inbreeding; population carrier frequency

24
Q

How is the degree of relationship to the proband calculated?

A

Degree of relationship = n = # of uninterrupted lines between proband and target

25
Q

What is the coefficient of inbreeding of a child and what does it equal?

A

F = 1/2(proportion of alleles in common); this is the probability a child will receive both alleles for a particular gene from the same ancestor (one from mother, one from father); the proportion of loci at which a person is homozygous or identical by descent

26
Q

What is the proportion of alleles in common?

A

(1/2)^n

27
Q

If a person is inbred through more than one line of descent, how is F calculated?

A

Sum F

28
Q

___ disorders exhibit a phenotype despite presence of a healthy allele.

A

Dominant

29
Q

What are the features of autosomal dominant inheritance?

A
  1. For single gene disorders, a pheontype is dominant if it manifests in the heterozygote.
  2. If not lethal, the phenotype is found in every generation.
  3. The child of an affected parents has 1/2 risk of inheriting the disease trait.
  4. Unaffected family members are unlikely to transmit the disease to offspring.
  5. Males and females are usually equally affected.
30
Q

A mutant allele is dominant in what 5 instances?

A
  1. Haploinsufficieny: the single normal copy produces an insufficient quantity of the normal gene product for the requirements of the organism.
  2. Dominant negative effect: the product of the inactive mutant interferes with the function of the normal gene product
  3. Simple gain of function: the product of the mutant gene acquires a new or enhanced function
  4. Affected gene is a tumor suppressor, resulting in a predisposition to cancer that is inherited as a dominant trait because even a single cell losing the function of the other allele is enough to cause cancer.
  5. Codominance: a trait is defined by two alleles that each exhibit a phenotype
31
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

The phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes.

32
Q

What is an example of a dominant disorder resulting from haploinsufficiency?

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia; heterogyotes have a normal allele producing a functional LDL receptor, so the receptor level is 50% less than normal

33
Q

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance?

A

Ectrodactylyl; the phenotype does not always present, despite the existence of the genotype

34
Q

Describe the characteristics of an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.

A
  1. Incidence of trait is much higher in males than in females
  2. Heterozyogus females are usually unaffected; males are - they do not have the extra X to compensate for the mutations.
  3. Affected fathers transmit the disease to their grandsons through their daughters, but not to or through their sons.
  4. All daughters of affected fathers are carriers and have a 50% chance of transmitting the gene to their children. The affected females are carriers and affected males express disease.
  5. Males never transmit the disease directly to their sons.
35
Q

Describe the characteristics of an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern.

A
  1. Very rare
  2. Affected mothers have a 50% chance of transmitting the disorder to sons and daughters
  3. Affected fathers always have affected daughters but not affected sons
  4. Affected females may have a milder expression of the phenotype
36
Q

What are 4 non-Mendelian inheritance patterns that exist for some single gene disorders?

A
  1. Mosaicism
  2. Genomic Imprinting/Parent of origin effects
  3. Repeat Disorders
  4. Mitochondrial inheritance
37
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

A mutation occurring during cell proliferation leads to a proportion of the cells carrying the mutation.

38
Q

What is the difference between somatic and germline mosaicism?

A

Somatic: mutation occurs during development; only the part of the body derived from the mutant cell may be affected.

Germline: mutation affects germ cells; parents may be negligibly affected, but multiple offspring may exhibit severe/uniform disease.

39
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

The disease expression is dependent on the parent transmitting the disease because of the inherited expressivity of the gene copy in question.

40
Q

Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes result from…

A

…a microdeletion in the q arm of chromosome 15.

41
Q

In genomic imprinting, different phenotypes depend on…

A

…the parental origin of deletion.

42
Q

For defective genes imprinted active in females during oogenesis, affected and carrier females should always produce children of which ___ are affected. Affected and carrier males should always produce children of which ___ are carrier.

A

Half; half.

43
Q

What happens in repeat disorders?

A

Some genes contain several repeats of 3 nucleotides. The number of triplet repeats in a given gene can sometimes increase from generation to generation. Beyond a certain threshold, abnormalities can worsen in later generations. This is known as anticipation.

44
Q

The more repeats someone has in a repeat disorder, the ___ the onset of the disease.

A

Earlier

45
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is ___ inherited. A small and random sample is included during ___.

A

Maternally; oogenesis

46
Q

Mitochondrial DNA can be ___, which means that more than one type of mitochondrial DNA may be present in cells from one individual.

A

Heteroplasmic

47
Q

Because mitochondrial DNA undergoes random segregation through multiple rounds of mitosis during embryogeneis, mitochondrial diseases are passed on if…

A

…a proportion of diseased mitochondria exceeds a threshold.

48
Q

What is an example of a mitochondrial disease?

A

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

49
Q

What are 6 possible complications to pedigree patterns to watch out for?

A
  1. New mutations
  2. Genomic imprinting (different phenotypes depending on parental sources)
  3. Reduced penetrance (the genotype doesn’t necessarily give the phenotype)
  4. Phenotypic variability (disorders that affect multiple organs can produce different symptoms in related family members - pleiotropy - due to effects of environment or other genes)
  5. Delayed onset (triplet repeat expansion disorders)
  6. Small family size (limited pedigree information)

MCBG (28 decks)

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