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ESS > 81 Terms to know before starting ESS > Flashcards

81 Terms to know before starting ESS Flashcards

1
Q

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy

A

Trophic level

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2
Q

the condition of an open system in which there are not changes over the longer term, but in which there may be oscillations in the very short term

A

Steady-state equilibrium

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3
Q

exchanges energy but not matter with surroundings

A

Closed system

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4
Q

exchanges both energy and matter across its boundary, isolated system that does not interact with its surroundings

A

Open/Isolated system

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5
Q

the use and management of resources that allows full natural replacement of the resources exploited and full recovery of the ecosystems affected by their extraction and use

A

Sustainability

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6
Q

the process of change over time in an ecosystem involving pioneer, intermediate and climax communities

A

Succession

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7
Q

a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

A

Species

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8
Q

the process through which new species form

A

Speciation

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9
Q

what forms the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface

A

Soil

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10
Q

companion, association or fellowship

A

Society

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11
Q

being dried and withered

A

Sere

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12
Q

typically live in unstable, unpredictable environments

A

R-strategist

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13
Q

an organism which lives in more stable environments

A

K-strategist

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14
Q

the generation of biomass of the consumer in a system

A

Secondary productivity

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15
Q

gained through photosynthesis in primary producers

A

Gross primary productivity

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16
Q

the gain by producers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses

A

Net primary productivity

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17
Q

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time and capable of interbreeding

A

Population

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18
Q

a single identifiable source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution

A

Point source pollution

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19
Q

to both water and air pollution from different source

A

Non-point source pollution

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20
Q

The host provides a habitat and food for the bacteria, but in return, the bacteria cause disease in the host

A

Parasitism

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21
Q

the particular set of abiotic and biotic conditions and resources to which an organism or population responds

A

Niche

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22
Q

crude birth rate (CBR) minus the crude death rate (CDR)

A

Rate of natural increase (know equation)

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23
Q

the amount of time it takes for a given quantity to double in size or value at a constant growth rate, 70/rate growth

A

Doubling time (know equation)

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24
Q

groundwater and the ozone layer, is nonliving but is also often dependent on the solar “engine” for renewal.

A

Replenishable natural capital

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25
Q

living species and ecosystems that use solar energy and photosynthesis, as well as non-living items, such as groundwater and the ozone layer

A

Renewable natural capital

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26
Q

irreplaceable or can only be replaced over geological timescales; for example, fossil fuels, soil and minerals

A

Non-renewable natural capital

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27
Q

interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations

A

Mutualism

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28
Q

a simplified version of reality

A

Model

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29
Q

More Economically Developed Country (MEDC)

A

More Economically Developed Country (MEDC)

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30
Q

Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC)

A

Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC)

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31
Q

Latitude

A

left right

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32
Q

up and down

A

Longitude

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33
Q

The reproductive characteristics which prevent species from fusing

A

Isolationing mechanism (in regards to speciation)

34
Q

ozone depeleting substances like cfcs

A

Halogenated organic gasses (examples)

35
Q

aspects of behaviour or structure

A

Habit

36
Q

A community of interdependent organisms and the physical environment they inhabit

A

Ecosystem

37
Q

A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat.

A

Community

38
Q

atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, causing global temperatures to be higher than they would otherwise be

A

Greenhouse gasses (GHG)

39
Q

total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

40
Q

the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in a given financial year, irrespective of their location

A

Gross National Product (GNP)

41
Q

Earth and its biological systems behave as a huge single entity

A

Gaia Hypothesis

42
Q

a scientific explanation of a phenomenon based on evidence

A

Theory (natural science definition)

43
Q

falsifiable statement that explains some observed phenomenon in nature

A

Hypothesis (natural science definition)

44
Q

the average number of births per woman of child-bearing age

A

Total fertility

45
Q

the number of births per thousand woman aged between 15-49 years old

A

Fertility rate

46
Q

destabilizing and tend to amplify changes and drive the system towards a tipping point where a new equilibrium is adopted

A

Positive feedback loop

47
Q

occur when the output of a process inhibits or reverses the operation of the same process in such a way as to reduce change

A

Negative feedback loop

48
Q

only the characteristics of animals who were able to survive long enough to create progeny are passed down

A

Evolution by Natural Selection

49
Q

addition of excess nutrients to a water system, which leads to the growth and subsequent death of algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen available for other aquatic organisms

A

Eutrophication

50
Q

steady state because the inputs and outputs that affect it approximately balance over a long period of time

A

Equilibrium

51
Q

a planning tool that provides decision makers with an understanding of the potential effects that human actions, especially technological ones, may have on the environment

A

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

52
Q

measure of the amount of disorder in a system

A

Entropy

53
Q

area required to sustainably support a given population

A

Ecological Footprint

54
Q

a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community

A

Species Diversity Index

55
Q

the genetic range that is present in a population of a species

A

Genetic Diversity

56
Q

A concept in demography that elucidates the transition from high to low birth and death rates as a country or a region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

A

Demographic Transition

57
Q

number of death per year x 1000 Total population Example. In 2007, there were 4,000 death in a city with population of 2,000,000

A

Crude death rate

58
Q

number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year

A

Crude birth rate

59
Q

a measure of the extent to which two variables are related

A

Correlation

60
Q

relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place

A

Competition

61
Q

maximum number of individuals of a given species that an area’s resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources

A

Carrying capacity

62
Q

living organism that shapes its environment

A

Biotic factor

63
Q

non-living organism that shapes its environment

A

Abiotic factor

64
Q

The part of the Earth inhabited by organisms

A

Biosphere

65
Q

groups of ecosystem that have the same climate and dominant communities

A

Biome

66
Q

organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as plants and animals

A

Biomass

67
Q

Capable of being broken down by natural biological processes

A

Biodegradable

68
Q

measure of the total demand for oxygen by living and chemical components in a water body

A

Biological Oxygen Demand

69
Q

graphical representation of the energy found within the trophic levels of an ecosystem

A

Energy pyramid

70
Q

graphical models of the quantitative differences that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem

A

Biomass pyramid

71
Q

shows the total number of individual organisms at each level in the food chain of an ecosystem

A

Numbers pyramid

72
Q

water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of sunlight

A

Photosynthesis inputs

73
Q

glucose and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis outputs

74
Q

how pollutants enter a food chain

A

Bioaccumulation

75
Q

the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next

A

Biomagnification

76
Q

glucose + oxygen

A

Respiration inputs

77
Q

carbon dioxide + water

A

Respiration outputs

78
Q

The growth of the population eventually slows nearly to zero as the population reaches the carrying capacity (K) for the environment

A

Logistical growth curve (s-curve)

79
Q

the population density of an organism increases rapidly in an exponential or logarithmic form

A

Exponential growth curve (j-curve)

80
Q

any force that affects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of the population

A

Density-dependent factors

81
Q

any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population

A

Density-independent factors

ESS (2 decks)

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