8.1 human population dynamics Flashcards
crude birth rate (CBR)
number of births per thousand per year
number of births/total population x 1000
crude death rate (CDR)
number of deaths per thousand per year
number of deaths/total population x 1000
total fertility rate (TFR)
- number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
factors that impact birth and fertility rates
- children in the labour force/education
factors that impact birth and fertility rates
status of women
- low socioeconomic status, women can’t decide childbearing, work or education
- usually housewife, uneducated on fertility
factors that impact birth and fertility rates
lifestyle, cultural norms
- more developed, norm being married later and having less children later
- higher focus on material goods in medcs, few children more resources instead of spreading resources with multiple children
infant mortality rate (IMR)
number of babies that die in their first year of life per thousand live births per year
family planning
- accessibility
- religious beliefs, traditions
pro vs anti natalist policies
factors that impact death rates
income
- higher income, access to good food, healthcare, education, good shelter, electricity, water
- lowers death rates
factors that impact death rates
literacy/education
- educated mother, better look after, lowers child mortality
- understanding of healthy life choices
factors that impact death rates
access to food
- balanced diet, propper calories, different food groups
- malnutrition kills in MEDCs (more calories) and LEDCs (less calories)
factors that impact death rates
availability of healthcare
- MEDC’s readily available healthcare
factors that impact death rates
water supply and sanitation
- water borne diseases that kill
factors that impact death rates
access to shelter
- protection from the elements
doubling time (DT)
70/NIR
natural increase rate (NIR)
(CBR - CDR)/10 = _%
malthusian theory
- population growth is exponential
- human population exceeds food production causing a population crash
boserup theory
- advances in agriculture will increase food production to meet the rising population
consequences of large population
- grain prices increasing due to biofuel production
- oil pricing increasing, fracking, significant damage
- agricultural land lost to residential and industrial developments
- lack of access to food, more undernourished people
- depletion of aquifers and melting glaciers, lack of water
- compromised air quality
- fuelwood usage increasing but supply is decreasing, deforestation and desertification
- depletion of stratospheric ozone
- deforestation for urban expansion, agriculture and mining
- overexploitation of oceans, fish stocks unable to recover
- depletion of topsoil, harm ability to produce food
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 1
- pre industrial society
- high CBR and CDR cancel each other out
- low - 0 NIR
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 2
- urbanizing/industrializing
- CBR high, death rates drop quickly
- increased NIR, rapidly increasing population
falling death rates due to
- improved food production and storage
- better understanding about sanitation
- discovery of penicillin and vaccinations
- access to basic healthcare and education
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 3
- industrial
- death rates continue to fall, birth rates start declining
- highest NIR, large gap between CBR and CDR
falling birth rates due to
- availability of contraceptives, family planning
- better status of women
- ban on child labour
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 4
- CBR, CDR and NIR all low
- large population from previous stage
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 5
- CDR larger than CBR
- low exercise, obesity, aging population
- few workers to support the aging population
cons of the DTM
- eurocentric, MEDC based
- LEDCs going through the stages much faster
- doesn’t account for natural disaster, war, disease, government policies to manage population, migration, cultural and religious factors
anti natalist strategies
tax/welfare disincentives
- increased taxes for families with more than a set number of children
- charge for education and healthcare for extra children
- remove child-care facilities for families with too many children
pros - effective
- beneficial for the government, reduces state costs
cons
- aging population
- selective abortions (girls)
- abandonment of babies
anti natalist strategies
raise awarness
- educate impacts of high birth rates and the benefits of small families
- campaigns and education about family planning and contraception
- free contraceptives, abortions and sterilization
cons
- slower to take effect than strict financial disincentives
- contraceptives could be against cultural/religious beliefs
anti natalist strategies
emancipation of women
- women realize control own fertility, birth rate drops
- education and jobs, less time to have children
- once benefiting from wages, hard to give up lifestyle
cons
- traditional male dominated societies, men don’t want to lose control
pro natalist policies
tax and welfare incentives
- tax breaks to families with more children
- free education and healthcare
- free housing, upgrade housing for more children
- child allowance
- increase maternity and paternity leave
- free public transport
pros
- possibly cheaper than dealing with an aging population
cons
- expensive
- ineffective long term
