8. Renal

Question 1

The renal calyces and pelvis are lined by

Answer 1

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Question 2

Functions of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix include

Answer 2

TGF mechanism
structural support of capillary loops
secretion of vasoactive factors and cytokines
phagocytosis
contraction to control glomerular capillary blood flow

Question 3

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Answer 3

have a brush border and are more numerous in cross sections (longer tubule)

Question 4

Distal convoluted tubule cells

Answer 4

have no brush border, are smaller cells with more nuclei visible, a paler cytoplasm, and a larger well-defined lumen, fewer per slice than PCT

Question 5

What 3 cell types are within the glomerulus?

Answer 5

Mesangial (support stalk), epithelial (podocytes), and endothelial (capillaries)

Question 6

Glomeruli are located

Answer 6

in the cortex

Question 7

What will happen to the tubules associated with a sclerosed glomerulus?

Answer 7

atrophy (ischaemic; due to lack of blood flow to peritubular capillaries and vasa recta)

Question 8

How does a kidney with extensive glomerulosclerosis present macroscopically?

Answer 8

very small (ES kidney)

Question 9

End-stage kidneys present with

Answer 9

hyalinised glomeruli, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, cystic dilation of tubules, protein casts

Question 10

What is membranous nephropathy?

Answer 10

damage to the glomerular basement membrane causing proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome

Question 11

Where do immune complexes deposit in membranous nephropathy?

Answer 11

epithelial side of the glomerular BM

Question 12

Which immune complexes are involved in membranous nephropathy?

Answer 12

IgG and C3

Question 13

Where does IgA deposit in IgA nephropathy?

Answer 13

mesangium

Question 14

Membranous nephropathy typically presents with

Answer 14

proteinuria

Question 15

IgA nephropathy usually presents with

Answer 15

haematuria

Question 16

Primary essential hypertension

Answer 16

most common, no defined cause

Question 17

Malignant hypertension

Answer 17

medical emergency; 180-200mmHg

Question 18

Secondary hypertension

Answer 18

has an identifiable underlying cause (less common) such as endocrine or kidney disease,, tumors, or as a side effect of medications

Question 19

Renovascular hypertension

Answer 19

a type of secondary; usually due to athlerosclerosis of the renal arteries (renal stenosis)

Question 20

What organs show hypertension-related damage?

Answer 20

Retinas, kidneys, heart, brain, lungs, circulation (blood)

Question 21

Benign nephrosclerosis occurs with

Answer 21

primary essential hypertension

Question 22

What changes occur in the kidney as a result of primary hypertension?

Answer 22

intimal thickening of smaller arteries, hyalinisation of arterioles, reduced lumen size; causes ischaemic damage to the glomerulus (hypertensive nephrosclerosis)

Question 23

Renal ischaemia causes

Answer 23

coagulative necrosis, can be with haemorrhage; dead and dying neutrophils may be present

Question 24

Renal infarction is most likely caused by

Answer 24

emboli, most commonly from LV (post-MI thrombus) por LA (AF)

Question 25

hydronephritis causes

Answer 25

dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

Question 26

temporary ischaemia to the kidney causes

Answer 26

acute tubular necrosis

Question 27

Polycystic kidney disease is caused by

Answer 27

defects in the genes encoding proteins of tubular epithelial cell membranes, causing malfunction and accumulation of fluid in tubules forming cysts