8 - Project Quality Management Flashcards
What is Project Quality Management?
Processes that:
Incorporate organization’s quality policy —> control project/product quality —> meet stakeholders’ objectives
Project Quality Management includes the processes for incorporating the organization’s quality policy regarding planning, managing, and controlling project and product quality requirements in order to meet stakeholders’ objectives. Project Quality Management also supports continuous process improvement activities as undertaken on behalf of the performing organization.
What are the processes in Project Quality Management?
The Project Quality Management processes are:
- 1 Plan Quality Management—The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/ or standards.
- 2 Manage Quality—The process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organization’s quality policies into the project.
- 3 Control Quality—The process of monitoring and recording the results of executing the quality management activities to assess performance and ensure the project outputs are complete, correct, and meet customer expectations.
What are the trends in Project Quality Management?
. Customer satisfaction.
. Continual improvement.
. Management responsibility.
. Mutually beneficial partnership with suppliers.
What are the tailoring considerations for Project Quality Management processes?
Policy compliance and auditing. What quality policies and procedures exist in the organization? What quality tools, techniques, and templates are used in the organization?
Standards and regulatory compliance. Are there any specific quality standards in the industry that need to be applied? Are there any specific governmental, legal, or regulatory constraints that need to be taken into consideration?
Continuous improvement. How will quality improvement be managed in the project? Is it managed at the organizational level or at the level of each project?
Stakeholder engagement. Is there a collaborative environment for stakeholders and suppliers?
concept: Quality vs Grade
Quality and grade are not the same concepts.
Quality is “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements”. To what degree do these characteristics fulfill requirements?
Grade is a category assigned to deliverables having the same functional use but different technical characteristics.
The project manager and the project management team are responsible for managing the trade-offs associated with delivering the required levels of both quality and grade. While a quality level that fails to meet quality requirements is always a problem, a low-grade product may not be a problem. For example: u u It may not be a problem if a suitable low-grade product (one with a limited number of features) is of high quality (no obvious defects). In this example, the product would be appropriate for its general purpose of use. u u It may be a problem if a high-grade product (one with numerous features) is of low quality (many defects). In essence, a high-grade feature set would prove ineffective and/or inefficient due to low quality.
concept: prevention and inspection
Prevention (keeping errors out of the process) and inspection (keeping errors out of the hands of the customer).
Prevention is preferred over inspection. It is better to design quality into deliverables, rather than to find quality issues during inspection. The cost of preventing mistakes is generally much less than the cost of correcting mistakes when they are found by inspection or during usage.
concept: Attribute Sampling
a process that determines whether or not the deliverable conforms to specifications. Result is “yes” or “no”.
concept: Variable Sampling
a process that measures a deliverable’s performance to a specific degree. Using a sliding scale instead of a yes or no.
8.1
What is the Plan Quality Management process?
the process of:
. identifying quality requirements
. documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements.
Plan Quality Management is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards.
8.1
What is the key benefit of the Plan Quality Management process?
The key benefit of this process is that it provides guidance on how quality will be managed and verified throughout the project.
8.1
Plan Quality Management: Inputs
.1 Project Charter
.2 Project Management Plan
- Requirements management plan
- Risk management plan
- stakeholder engagement plan
- scope baseline
.3 Project Documents
- Assumption Log
- requirements documentation
- requirements traceability matrix
- risk register
- stakeholder register
.4 Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEFs)
.5 Organizational Process Assets (OPAs)8.1
Plan Quality Management: Tools & Techniques
.1 Expert Judgment
.2 Data Gathering
- Benchmarking
- Brainstorming
- Interviews
.3 Data Analysis
- Cost-benefit analysis
- cost of quality
.4 Decision Making
- Multicriteria decision analysis
.5 Data representation
- flowcharts
- logical data model
- matrix diagrams
- mind mapping
.6 Test and inspection planning
.7 Meetings8.1
Plan Quality Management: Outputs
.1 Quality management plan
.2 Quality metrics
.3 Project management plan updates
- Risk management plan
- scope baseline
.4 Project documents updates
- Lessons learned register
- requirements traceability matrix
- risk register
- stakeholder register- 1
concept: cost of quality (COQ)
Cost of Quality consists of:
- Prevention costs. Costs related to the prevention of poor quality in the products, deliverables, or services of the specific project.
- Appraisal costs. Costs related to evaluating, measuring, auditing, and testing the products, deliverables, or services of the specific project.
- Failure costs (internal/external). Costs related to nonconformance of the products, deliverables, or services to the needs or expectations of the stakeholders.
The optimal COQ is one that reflects the appropriate balance for investing in the cost of prevention and appraisal to avoid failure costs. Models show that there is an optimal quality cost for projects, where investing in additional prevention/appraisal costs is neither beneficial nor cost effective.
- 1
concept: Quality Management Plan
The quality management plan is a component of the project management plan that describes how policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
a quality management plan may include:
- Quality standards and objectives
- Quality roles and responsibilities;
- Deliverables and processes subject to review
- Quality control and quality management activities
- Quality tools
8.2
What is the Manage Quality process?
this process:
- increases the probability of meeting quality objectives
- identifies ineffective processes and causes of poor quality
This process translates the Quality Management Plan into executable activities that incorporate the organization’s policies into the project.
8.2
What is the key benefit of the Manage Quality process?
It increases the probability of meeting the quality objectives and identifying ineffective processes and causes of poor quality
8.2
Manage Quality: Inputs
.1 Project management plan
• Quality management plan
.2 Project documents
• Lessons learned register
• Quality control measurements
• Quality metrics
• Risk report
.3 Organizational process assets8.2
Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques
1 Data gathering
• Checklists
.2 Data analysis
• Alternatives analysis
• Document analysis
• Process analysis
• Root cause analysis
.3 Decision making
• Multicriteria decision analysis
.4 Data representation
• Affinity diagrams
• Cause-and-effect diagrams
• Flowcharts
• Histograms
• Matrix diagrams
• Scatter diagrams
.5 Audits
.6 Design for X
.7 Problem solving
.8 Quality improvement methods8.2
Manage Quality: Outputs
.1 Quality reports
.2 Test and evaluation documents
.3 Change requests
.4 Project management plan updates
• Quality management plan
• Scope baseline
• Schedule baseline
• Cost baseline
.5 Project documents updates
• Issue log
• Lessons learned register
• Risk register8.3
What is the Control Quality process?
Control Quality is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality management activities in order to assess performance and ensure the project outputs are complete, correct, and meet customer expectations.
8.3
What is the key benefit of the Control Quality process?
The key benefit of this process is verifying that project deliverables and work meet the requirements specified by key stakeholders for final acceptance.
8.3
Control Quality: Inputs
.1 Project management plan
• Quality management plan
.2 Project documents
• Lessons learned register
• Quality metrics
• Test and evaluation documents
.3 Approved change requests
.4 Deliverables
.5 Work performance data
.6 Enterprise environmental factors
.7 Organizational process assets8.3
Control Quality: Tools & Techniques
.1 Data gathering
• Checklists
• Check sheets
• Statistical sampling
• Questionnaires and surveys
.2 Data analysis
• Performance reviews
• Root cause analysis
.3 Inspection
.4 Testing/product evaluations
.5 Data representation
• Cause-and-effect diagrams
• Control charts
• Histogram
• Scatter diagrams
.6 Meetings
