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PYB304 - part 2 > 8. Memory > Flashcards

8. Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major types of memory?

A

Short term memory (working memory) and long term memory

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2
Q

Short-term memory

A

Keeps information while you are working on it. Without active processing, the information will be lost quickly

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3
Q

Long-term memory

A

More enduring storage of information. Includes declarative and non-declarative memory

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4
Q

Declarative memory

A

Explicit – involves facts and events
Affected by the medial temporal lobe and diencephalon
You can explicitly remember these memories

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5
Q

Somantic memory

A

Involves remembering facts

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6
Q

Episodic memory

A

Involves remembering events

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7
Q

What are the major brain structures relevant to declarative memory?

A

Medial temporal lobe and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus

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8
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

Implicit
You cannot tell exactly what it is that you have learned, but change in your task performance shows you did acquire memories of some sort. E.g. motor skills.
-

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9
Q

What are the major brain structures relevant to non-declarative memory?

A

Straitum and cerebellum

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10
Q

What is remembered in long-term memory?

A

Procedural (skills and habits)
Priming
Simple classical conditioning
Non-associative learning

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11
Q

What brain structure affects procedural non-declarative memory?

A

Striatum

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12
Q

What brain structure affects priming non-declarative memory?

A

Neocortex

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13
Q

What brain structure affects simply classical conditioning in non-declarative memory?

A

Involves:
Emotional responses – Amygdala
Skeletal musculature – cerebellum

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14
Q

What brain structure affects non-associative learning in non-declarative memory?

A

Reflex pathways

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15
Q

What did Patient KC demonstrate?

A

He had diffused brain damage due to a motor cycle accident. Had general knowledge (i.e. semantic memory) was intact, but he lost his episodic memory.
This is a very unique case of amnesia

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16
Q

Amnesia

A

Pathological loss of memory

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17
Q

What is Amnesia caused by?

A 
Head trauma 
Brain surgery (e.g. temporal lobectomy)
Chronic alchoholism (e.g. Korsakoff’s syndrome)
Brain infections (e.g. encephalitis)
Ischemia (lack of blood flow)
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
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18
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury

19
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to learn new things

20
Q

What did Patient HM demonstrate?

A

Received bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (as treatment for severe epilepsy)
Became densely amnesic as a consequence.
As a consequence HM suffers from MTL amnesia

21
Q

What have scientists discovered by studying patients like HM?

A

The distinction between long-term and short-term memory
The distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory
The role of MTL in long-term declarative memory

22
Q

What are the characteristics of a person with MTL amnesia?

A 
After surgery, patient HM experienced:
-	life long anterograde amnesia
-	Some retrograde amnesia 
-	but no loss of:
o	Remote (i.e. old memories)
o	short-term memory
o	non-declarative memory
23
Q

What is the role of the MTL in long-term declarative memory?

A

Remote memories are dependent on the MTL

Remote memories are stored somewhere outside the MTL (memory consolidation)

24
Q

What are the three distinct characteristics of the MTL in relation long-term declarative memory?

A
  1. MTL is important for forming new long-term memories
  2. Newly formed memories are dependent on the MTL
  3. MTL is not a permanent storage site for long-term memories
25
Q

Where in the brain are long-term declarative memories stored more permanently?

A

Somewhere in the cortex. In particular, cortical areas that were used to perceive to-be-learned information

26
Q

What did Wheeler et al. (2000) study in relation to memory consolidation?

A

Participants learned word-picture and word-sound pairs
In a recall test, only words were presented and participants indicated whether each word was accompanied with a picture or sound

27
Q

What happens to sensory cortices during memory retrieval?

A

They were selectively activated. I.e. when there is a picture memory, the visual area of the brain is activated and when there is a sound memory there is an activation of the auditory area

28
Q

Once a memory is consolidated, is it a done-deal?

A

When a long-term memory is retrieved, it goes back into an unstable (liable state). Thus, it has to be consolidated again (reconsolidated). This opens up the possibilities for memory manipulation

29
Q

What are examples of Non-MTL amnesia?

A

Diencephalic amnesia – e.g. Korsakoff’s syndrome

30
Q

What is Korsaoff’s syndrome?

A

Damage medial portions of the thalamus and hypothalamus

31
Q

What happened to patient NA (Teuber et al., 1968)?

A

He incurred injury to the mammillary bodies (part of the hypothalamus)

32
Q

What is still unclear in relation to memory and brain structures?

A

It is still unclear as to how the brain structures mentioned contribute to long-term declarative memory

33
Q

What are some examples of the brain areas involved in non-declarative memory?

A

There are many forms of non-declarative memory, so many brain areas are involved in them including:

  • the cerebellum: sensorimotor skills
  • Striatum: stimulus-response associations
34
Q

Straitum

A

Important for learning and retrieving specific response that are to be made in response to specific stimuli.

35
Q

What are the two strategies for spatial navigation?

A

Place strategy and response strategy

36
Q

Place strategy in spatial navigation

A

Identify object locations within a larger environmental framework
Rapidly acquired, allows flexible behaviour (e.g. short-cut), but requires conscious retrieval and susceptible to forgetting
Similar to declarative memory

37
Q

Response strategy in spatial navigation

A

Perform a specific sequence of action
Slow to learn, only rigid behaviour is possible, but does not require conscious awareness and much-longer-lasting
Similar to non-declarative memory

38
Q

How can we manipulate navigation strategies in animals?

A

By selectively lesioning the MTL and caudate nucleus.
MTL is important for place strategy (declarative memory)
Cadate is important for response strategy (non-declarative memory)

39
Q

Hebbian theory

A

Neurons fire together, wire together

After repeated stimulation, synaptic transmission becomes more efficient
Hebb (1949) argued that this change is the basis of long-term memory

40
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Long-lasting facilitation of synaptic transmission

41
Q

What is the rate of growth in LTP similar to?

A

The rate of growth in LTP is similar to the rate of behavioural improvement by learning

42
Q

How can LTP be produced?

A

LTP can be produced within seconds and long-term declarative memory can be learned quickly too

43
Q

How can LTP be produced?

A

They can both last for weeks (and longer)

PYB304 - part 2 (6 decks)

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