8. Mating Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is monogamy?

A

One male and one female in a mating pair

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2
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male mating with multiple females

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3
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mating with multiple males

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4
Q

What is promiscuity?

A

Both males and females having multiple partners

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5
Q

What is polygamy?

A

Polyandry, Polygyny, and Promiscuity

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6
Q

What are the three types of mating systems?

A

No male care
Lekking and variations
With male care

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7
Q

In systems with no male care, what determines the males reproductive tactics?

A

Female distribution in space and time.
Even = low potential for polygamy
Patchy = high potential for polygamy

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8
Q

What is OSR?

A

Operational Sex Ratio

Ratio of receptive females to sexually active males

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9
Q

What are the two types on breeders found with temporal dispersion of females?

A
Prolonged breeders (Bullfrogs - 0-6 mates/male)
Explosive breeders (Common toad - 1-2 matings/male)
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a mammalian mating system when the females are solitary with defensible range?

A

If female range is small - Polygamy
If range is large - Monogamy
Males may help with offspring care or predator defense
Parental care - larger litter size

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a mammalian mating system when the females are solitary with a non-defensible range?

A

Females and males only associate during oestrus

E.g. Orang-utan - Females move with resources (fruit)

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12
Q

When would scramble competition polygyny occur?

A

Females are solitary and the range is not defensible

e.g. ground squirrels, males constantly monitor females to find one in oestrus

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13
Q

What happens when females are social and the range is defensible?

A

Harems for many primates
Large range - several males defend territory
Males compete over females (sometimes leads to infanticide)

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14
Q

What happens when females are social and the range is not defensible?

A

Female dispersal in space and time.
If daily movements are predictable - defense of mating territories
If daily movements are not defensible - sometimes harem defence (seasonal or permanent)

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15
Q

What is lekking?

A

When males group together and advertise qualities.
Females only visit leks to mate
Mating success is normally very skewed within the lek

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16
Q

When does lekking normally occur?

A

When neither females nor resources are defensible

17
Q

What are the 5 reasons as to why lekking may occur?

A
Hotspots hypothesis
Hotshot males
To increase female attraction
To facilitate mate choice
Reduce predation
18
Q

What is the hotspot hypothesis?

A

Males cluster in areas that females frequent

19
Q

What is the hotshot hypothesis?

A

Males cluster around high quality males

20
Q

Why lek to attract females?

A

Stimulus pooling - Several males create a more powerful signal than one

21
Q

Why lek to facilitate female choice?

A

Females prefer aggregations - provides a ‘testing ground’

22
Q

Why lek to reduce predation?

A

Calling males are safer - dilution effect etc

23
Q

When do males become a resource to females?

A

When they start providing parental care

24
Q

What is obligate monogamy?

A

Both parents necessary to raise offspring
Increase in fitness if stay with same mating partner and share raising brood
Seeking a new mate can be costly - time taken to synchronise (White’s seahorse)

25
What are some of the benefits of polyandry? (similar to mate choice benefits in general)
Direct - resources, offspring care, reduction in infanticide | Indirect - good genes, inbreeding avoidance, diversity among offspring, disease resistance
26
How is monogamy often enforced?
By partner's behaviour - anti-aphrodisiacs, damage to female, mate guarding, mating plugs Costs of polygyny - time, energy, search costs, STI Lack of available mates OSR
27
When do many polygamy conflicts occur?
When the males and females have different optimum mating behaviours
28
Which species have a sex role reversal
Pipefish Red-necked phalarope Spotted sandhopper
29
What is Batemann's logic behind sex role reversal?
Male RS limited by time | Female RS limited by matings
30
Are males stuck to one mating tactic?
No they are able to switch between, once the male becomes large enough he will switch to aggressive tactic
31
When will only the largest males be successful?
When male-male competition is intense
32
What is a protogynous sex change?
Starting life as a female and switching to male when largest
33
What is a protoandrous sex change?
Starting life as a male and changing sex when largest