Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Conditions > 8. Infection and Immunity INCOMPLETE > Flashcards

8. Infection and Immunity INCOMPLETE Flashcards

1
Q

How does neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

Direct contact with respiratory secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is neisseria meningitidis gram positive or negative?

A

Negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does neisseria meningitidis interact with the host?

A

Lives harmlessly in upper respiratory tract in 1/10. Colonises and attacks meninges and progresses to the blood causing a non-blanching rash. Immune overreaction from potent endotoxin and fall in TPR so septic shock. ICP can rise with very inflamed meninges, death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the history of a patient with neisseria meningitidis?

A

Fit and well for last 24 hours and then suddenly non-specifically unwell. 12 hours have neck pain, photophobia, nausea, malaise, abdo pain, severe headache, non-blanching rash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the examination of a patient with neisseria meningitidis?

A

Raised temperature, tachypnea, tachycardai, low BP, pale cold extremities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the investigations for neisseria meningitidis?

A

FBCs, U&Es, BM (glucose), LFTs, CRP, clotting studies, ABG, MCS, EDTA for PCR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the supportive treatments for neisseria meningitidis?

A

High flow O2, adrenaline, correct fluid balance, measure urine output, measure lactate, analgesia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the specific treatments for neisseria meningitidis?

A

Blood cultures, broad spectrum antibiotics - ceftriaxone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the possible sequelae of infection with neisseria meningitidis?

A

Septic shock and death, respiratory failure, kidney failure, raised ICP and death, hearing loss, ischaemia and coagulative necrosis. Or bacteria wiped out by antibiotics, releasing more endotoxins so gets worse before better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can infection with neisseria meningitidis be prevented?

A

Vaccine for ACWY and B strains. Give those showing symptoms prophylactic antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive or negative?

A

Positive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does streptococcus pneumoniae spread?

A

Direct contact, part of normal flora of upper respiratory tract but can colonise the lungs if not cleared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does streptococcus pneumoniae interact with the host?

A

Bacteria colonise lungs causing pneumonia. Thick capsule means they’re not easily phagocytosed. Pus from dead neutrophils accumulate and produce symptoms. Unchecked, can lead to bacteraemia and potential meningitis with atypical pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the history of a patient infected with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

3 days of dyspnea and malaise, 4-5 days of productive yellow sputum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the examinations of a patient infected with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Crackles and bronchial breathing over area of lung, tachypnea, tachycardia, mild hypotension, decreased O2 sats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the investigations of a patient infected with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

CRP, FBCs, U&Es, ABG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the supportive treatments for a streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

High flow O2, correct fluid balance, nebulised salbutamol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the specific treatments for a streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics and possible pneumonectomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the possible sequelae of a streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

Consolidation of lung tissue, caseous necrosis, clearance of inflammatory exudate through lymphatic system, passage into blood and meningitis/septicaemia - rare. Clears in 3 weeks after treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can streptococcus pneumoniae infection be prevented?

A

At risk individuals given prophylactic antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is Escherichia coli gram positive or negative?

A

Negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Escherichia coli spread?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food or direct spread from perforated bowel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does Escherichia coli interact with the host?

A

Colonises GI tract and causes gastroenteritis, or directly exits bowel leading to peritonitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the history of someone with severe Escherichia coli infection?

A

Ingested food 1-8 days ago, few days of nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, malaise, muscle weakness, stomach cramps, chills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the examinations of someone with severe Escherichia coli infection?

A

Tender abdomen, raised temperature, changes to BP, HR, and respiratory rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the investigations for severe Escherichia coli infection?

A

MCS, FBC, U&Es, lactate, LFTs, CRP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the supportive treatments for severe Escherichia coli infection?

A

IV fluids, high flow O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the specific treatments for severe Escherichia coli infections?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics, source control in peritonitis (debridement).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the possible sequelae of severe Escherichia coli infection?

A

Restoration to physiological state after a few days with antibiotics, peritonitis could cause organ damage - especially liver, septic shock and death.

30
Q

How are severe Escherichia coli infections prevented?

A

Isolation of those with gastroenteritis for 48 hours after diarrhoea and vomiting stop, disinfect food preparation area regularly.

31
Q

Is clostridium difficile gram positive or negative?

A

Positive.

32
Q

How does clostridium difficile spread?

A

Opportunistic infection when normal microbiota of the gut is eliminate by antibiotics (ceftriaxone) for an unrelated infection.

33
Q

How does clostridium difficile interact with the host?

A

Exotoxin A causes inflammation that leads to intracellular spaces widening from excessive histamine, exotoxin B exits through gaps and kills healthy cells of host.

34
Q

What is the history of someone with clostridium difficile infection?

A

2 days of severe diarrhoea, rarely vomiting, abdominal discomfort, previous antibiotic treatment.

35
Q

What are the examinations of someone with clostridium difficile infection?

A

Generalised tenderness over the abdomen, BP down slightly, slightly tachycardic.

36
Q

What are the investigations of some with clostridium difficile infection?

A

FBCs, CRP, U&Es, serum creatinine (for eGFR), stool sample, haematocrit (down with dehydration).

37
Q

What are the supportive treatments of clostridium difficile infection?

A

IV fluid bolus, oral rehydration therapy.

38
Q

What are the specific treatments of clostridium difficile infection?

A

Faecal transplant, metronidazole, discontinue causative antibiotics.

39
Q

What are the possible sequelae of clostridium difficile infection?

A

Severe diarrhoea leads to acute renal failure and cognitive impairment in severe dehydration, perforated/toxic megacolon leading to peritonitis and septic shock, or clears within 7-10 days.

40
Q

How is clostridium difficile infection prevented?

A

Isolation, responsible prescribing, good barrier medicine (wash hands thoroughly, through away gloves).

41
Q

Is salmonella typhi gram positive or negative?

A

Negative, rod.

42
Q

How does salmonella typhi spread?

A

Faecal-oral trnamission through contaminated food and water.

43
Q

How does salmonella typhi interact with the host?

A

Enters GI tract and adheres to Peyer’s patches in small intestine with fimbriae and enters blood through them causing bacteraemia. Lysis leads to endotoxin secretion. Invasin secretion allows intracellular growth.

44
Q

What is the history of someone with salmonella typhi infection?

A

Incubation period of 7-10 days, unwell soon after returning from country in Sub-Saharan Africa or Asia. Increasing intensity of fever, headaches, abdominal tenderness, constipation, and dry cough.

45
Q

What are the examinations of salmonella typhi infection?

A

Severe fever (>40C), relative bradycardia for infection status, hepatosplenomegaly.

46
Q

What are the investigations of salmonella typhi infection?

A

FBCs, MCS, stool culture, LFTs, U&Es, CRP.

47
Q

What are the supportive treatments for salmonella typhi infection?

A

Oral rehydration therapy, antipyrexials, pain relief.

48
Q

What is the specific treatment for salmonella typhi infection?

A

Ceftriaxone or azithromycin.

49
Q

What are the possible sequelae of salmonella typhi infection?

A

Resolves with no long term complication in 4 weeks if oral rehydration and antibiotics are administered, untreated can lead to intestinal haemorrhage or perforation, encephalitis, metastatic abscesses etc.

50
Q

How can salmonella typhi infection be prevented?

A

Food and water hygiene, proper hand hygiene, sick people don’t prepare food, vaccine high risk, chlorinate water.

51
Q

Is legionella pneumophilia gram positive or negative?

A

Negative, rods.

52
Q

How does legionella pneumophilia spread?

A

Aerosolisation of water and soil infected with bacteria. Held in reservoirs with amoebae in water.

53
Q

How does legionella pneumophilia interact with the host?

A

Phagocytosis but inhibits formation of phagolysosome so multiplies within macrophage until it bursts and depletes WBC count and bolsters own numbers.

54
Q

What is the history of legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

Fever, shortness of breath, productive cough.

55
Q

What are the examinations of legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

Tachypnea, high grade fever, bibasal crepitations of the lungs, O2 sats <90%.

56
Q

What are the investigations of legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

FBC, U&Es, sputum culture, LFT, CRP, blood culture.

57
Q

What are the supportive treatments for legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

Serum lactate measurement, high flow O2, analgesia.

58
Q

What is the specific treatment for legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

Clarithromycin.

59
Q

What are the possible sequelae of legionella pneumophilia infection?

A

Septic shock and death, or full lung function after a few weeks.

60
Q

How can legionella pneumophilia infection be prevented?

A

Keep water below 20 C or above 60 C and keep water moving.

61
Q

Is viridinas streptococci gram positive or negative?

A

Positive, cocci in chains.

62
Q

How does viridinas streptococci spread?

A

Normal commensal in oral cavity, but if oral mucosa is breached, it can decay teeth and spread to CVS.

63
Q

How does viridinas streptococci interact with the host?

A

Initially colonises tooth surface then converts sucrose to lactic acid to lower pH of tooth enamel and leave it vulnerable to breakdown. If oral mucosa is breached by low pH or abrasion, bacteria gets into circulation - harmless bacteraemia, can then get stuck on heart valves if turbulent flow and colonises - infective endocarditis.

64
Q

What is the history of infection with viridinas streptococci?

A

Poor access to dental care, systemic response for 6 weeks (fever, chills, etc.), lack of energy, breathlessness, toothache, anorexia, cachexia.

65
Q

What are the examination for viridinas streptococci infection?

A

Poor dentition/dental abscess, heart murmur, tachypnea, possible tachycardia, possible hypotension, peripheral oedema.

66
Q

What are the investigations for viridinas streptococci infection?

A

FBC, U&Es, MCS, echocardiogram, ECG, serum creatinine.

67
Q

What are the supportive treatments for viridinas streptococci infection?

A

Measure urine output if U&Es elevated, O2 for tachypnea.

68
Q

What are the specific treatments for viridinas streptococci infection?

A

Replace defective valve, penicillin and gentamycin.

69
Q

What are the possible sequelae of viridinas streptococci infection?

A

Heart failure, valvular dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, or 3 weeks after antibiotics and surgery.

70
Q

How can viridinas streptococci infection be prevented?

A

Good dental hygiene.

71
Q

GOT TO PAGE 5

A

START WITH COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI

Clinical Conditions (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions