8- Immunology I, II, III Flashcards
What are the three basic characteristics of immune responses?
Specificity
Universality
Inducibility (adaptability)
What is specificity?
Fact that an immune response able to contain one microbial pathogen is rarely effective against a second microbe unless the two microbes are closely related
Keys are specific for the locks they are designed to open and close
What is universality?
The immune system can react to whole universe of macro molecular foreign substances by mounting an immune response to substance
Immune system can attack all microbes
Hardware store is universal in sense that it stocks keys to all locks
What is adaptability (inducibility)?
What are primary and secondary responses?
The immune responses take time to develop, defences they require are not usually present at time of infection. Take several days to several weeks to achieve maximal effectiveness
Primary immune response follows primary infection and secondary response follows second infection by same pathogen
(2nd is far faster and greater than primary)
What is innate resistance?
Non immune defense mechanisms
Innate means the mechanisms are present and often effective at time of infection
These are constitutive whereas immune responses are inducible (adaptable)
What are the 3 defense mechanisms in vertebrae?
- The surface of the body (Skin) is physical and chemical barrier to microbes going in body
- Innate defenses by cells and molecules in blood that provide protection if first barrier fails
- Immune system comes into action if first two levels of defense fail
What are the three mechanisms of innate defense?
- Immediate protection after infection
- Relatively non-specific
- Constitutive or uninducible to a great degree
What is the innate defence inflammation? (1)
What is released in it?
Process by which multiple forms of defense are brought to a site when skin is breache
Histamine is released at site of injury from mast cells, causes inflammation
Red line forming after scrapping yourself
What is the innate defense phagocytosis? (2)
What is the process?
Process of ingestion of foreign particles and attacking them in many cells present in blood
Provides protection against bacteria
Neutrophils and monocytes
Bacterium binds to phagocytize cell, forms phagosome, phagosome fused with lysosome to form phagolysosome, these enzymes attack bacterium
What is the innate defense processes initiated by complement? (3)
Series of interacting proteins known as complement cascade that is initiated by classical or alternative pathway (alt. Is the innate defense one)
One protein will activate another downstream dormant protein by causing proteolysis, one molecule of first upstream protein can activate several molecules of downstream to amplify signal
What is the innate defense interferon production? (4)
What are the three types?
Interferon (IFN) Interferes with viral replication
3 kinds: α, β, γ
α and β production occurs in cells infected by viruses
Lymphocytes produce α-IFN
Fibroblasts produce β-IFN
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What are the 3 distinct processes of innate resistance complement is involved in?
- Complement components- are inflammatory mediators (orchestrate many events in inflammatory process
- Activated component of 3rd component, C3, called C3b, binds to surface of many bacteria and aids process of phagocytosis
- Binding of C3b to surface if bacterial cell leads to formation of membrane attack complex that results in formation of holes in membranes that kills bacterium
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Who is Thycidides?
What did he do?
Greek historian that recorded those who survived plague could attend sick with impunity
Implied immune system expresses memory and specificity since they were protected from that illness but not others
How was the first vaccination made?
Jenner used a woman who could not get small pox since she already had cowpox
This was used to cross protect individuals from small pox as a vaccination
What does attenuated mean?
Making pathogens less harmful or less virulent
