8 for exam

Question 1

Linear

Answer 1

2 or 3 atoms in a straight bond

Question 2

Bent

Answer 2

V shaped structure of three atoms

Question 3

Trigonal Planar

Answer 3

Triangle with atoms on one plane. 4 atoms

Question 4

Pyramidal

Answer 4

3D triangle in a pyramid shape. 4 atoms

Question 5

Tetrahedral

Answer 5

Central atom (carbon atom) with 4 attachments. 5 atoms in total.

Question 6

Bond polarity
- extent
- contributes

Answer 6

Unequal sharing of electrons from atoms of different elements as they have differing electronegativity creates partial positive and partial negative area. Extent is determined by differences in electronegativity. Contributes to the overall molecular polarity.

Question 7

Electronegativity in covalent bonds
- determines

Answer 7

Ability of an atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus.
Determine bond polarities which contribute to overal polarity

Question 8

Permanent dipole

Answer 8

Result of atoms with vastly different electronegativities bonded together creating an uneven distribution of electron density. Experience a net dipole, have a perminent positive and negative end.

Question 9

Overall polarity

Answer 9

If the molecule has a net dipole moment from the individual bond dipoles not canceling out

Question 10

Intermolecular forces

Answer 10

Attractive forces that exist between neighbouring molecules. Crucial role in determining bpt, VP and solubility

Question 11

Temporary dipoles

Answer 11

Happens due to electron movement which creates momentary areas of higher electron density. Which makes a temporary negative dipole.

Question 12

Intramolecular forces
- types
- holds

Answer 12

Bonds within covalent molecules can be polar (different atoms bonded) or non polar (covalent bond with atoms of the same element so same electronegativity). Holds molecules together

Question 13

3 main types of intermolecular forces

Answer 13

• dispersion
• DP-DP
• hydrogen bonding

Question 14

Dispersion forces
- due to
- how does it increase

Answer 14

Temporary dipoles that can occur within molecules. ALL molecules (polar and non polar) will form dispersion forces and as molar mass increases (increased number of electrons), dispersion increases.

Question 15

Dispersion forces
‘As molar mass increases’

Answer 15

As molar mass increases the number of electrons increases therefore the number of and strength of temporary dipoles increases. Therefore the magnitude of dispersion forces between neighbouring molecules increases.

Question 16

DP-DP interactions
- attraction
- between

Answer 16

Attraction that forms between the permanent positive dipole of one molecule that is attracted to the permanent negative dipole of another.
Stronger attractive force BETWEEN NEIGHBOURING MOLECULES. Than dispersion forces due to permanent dipoles.

Question 17

Hydrogen bonding
- what covalent bonds are needed
- relatively strong

Answer 17

Stronger version of DP-DP bonding. Forms between molecules that have following covalent bonds.
Is between the very polar ends of these covalent bonds. Hydrogen is the least electronegative non metal and N, O, F are the most.
Relatively strong interactions between molecules compared to other intermolecular forces between covalent bonds.