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PE > 8 - Energy systems > Flashcards

8 - Energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

what molecules is ATP made up of?

A
  • 1 adenosine
  • 3 phosphates
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2
Q

how is energy released from ATP?

A

removing one phosphate with ATPase

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3
Q

in what conditions is the aerobic energy system used?

A
  • low intensity
  • long duration
  • high oxygen supply
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4
Q

how many molecules of ATP does the aerobic system produce?

A

38

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5
Q

what are the 3 stages of the aerobic system?

A
  • glycolysis
  • krebs cycle
  • electron transport chain
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6
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

sarcoplasm, mitochondria

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7
Q

what is glucose broken down into in glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid

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8
Q

how many ATP are produced when glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid?

A

2

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9
Q

in glycolysis what is pyruvic acid oxidised to become?

A

2 acetyl groups

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10
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

matrix, mitochondria

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11
Q

what happens to acetyl groups in the krebs cycle?

A

combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid

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12
Q

in the krebs cycle what does citric acid form when it is oxidised?

A
  • hydrogen
  • carbon
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13
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced in the krebs cycle?

A

2

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14
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

cristae, mitochondria

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15
Q

what is hydrogen split into in the electron transport chain?

A
  • electrons
  • ions/protons
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16
Q

what does the oxidation of hydrogen ions form in the electron transport chain?

A

water

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17
Q

what do electrons do at the end of the electron transport chain/

A

provide energy to resynthesise 34 ATP molecules

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18
Q

what is beta oxidation?

A

uses fats instead of glycogen in aerobic energy system

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19
Q

in beta oxidation, what are fats turned into?

A

acetyl coenzyme A

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20
Q

how much more (%) oxygen does beta oxidation need

A

15%

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21
Q

where does acetyl coenzyme A go after beta oxidation?

A

krebs cycle

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22
Q

During what type of exercise does beta oxidation occur?

A

low intensity exercise

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23
Q

what are the advantages of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • more ATP than any other system
  • no fatiguing biproducts
  • lots of glycogen stores - exercise for long periods
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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • complex, many reactions
  • requires a high level of oxygen
  • cannot be used at the start of activity
  • more oxygen needed to break down fatty acids
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25
Q

what are the 2 anaerobic energy systems?

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • anaerobic glycolytic system
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26
Q

how long does the ATP-PC system last?

A

5-8 seconds

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27
Q

in which sports would the ATP-PC system be predominant?

A
  • throws (shotputt, javelin)
  • jumps (long jump, high jump)
  • vaulting in gymnastics
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28
Q

which enzyme is involved in ATP-PC system?

A

creatine kinase

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29
Q

where is the site of reaction for ATP-PC system?

A

sarcoplasm

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30
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced by ATP-PC system?

A

1

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31
Q

what are the by-products of ATP-PC system?

A

ADP+Pi

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32
Q

describe the process of the ATP-PC system

A
  • creatine kinase detects a rise in ADP
  • phosphocreatine is broken down to release energy
  • energy is used to convert ADP to ATP
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33
Q

what are the advantages of ATP-PC system?

A
  • quick resynthesis of ATP
  • no fatiguing bi-products
  • taking supplements can extend time of PC stores
  • PC stores can recover quickly
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34
Q

what are the disadvantages of ATP-PC system?

A
  • limited supply of PC
  • only 1 ATP produced per reaction
  • PC can only recover with oxygen
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35
Q

what is the site of reaction of the glycolytic system?

A

sarcoplasm

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36
Q

what are the enzymes involved in glycolytic system?

A
  • PFK
  • LDH
  • glucogen phosphorylase
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37
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced in glycolytic system?

A

2

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38
Q

what are the bi-products of glycolytic system?

A

lactic acid

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39
Q

how long does the glycolytic system last?

A

8 seconds to 3 minutes

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40
Q

what is the function of glycogen phosphorylase in the glycolytic system?

A

breaks down glycogen into glucose

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41
Q

which enzyme breaks down glycogen into glucose in the glycolytic system?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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42
Q

what is the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in the glycolytic system?

A

breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid

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43
Q

which enzyme breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid?

A

phosphofructokinase

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44
Q

what is pyruvic acid broken down into when oxygen is not present on the glycolytic system?

A

lactic acid

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45
Q

what is the function of lactate dehydrogenase in the glycolytic system?

A

breaks down pyruvic acid into lactic acid

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46
Q

which enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid into lactic acid?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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47
Q

what are the advantages of glycolytic system?

A
  • quite quick resynthesis of ATP
  • few chemical reactions
  • lasts longer than ATP-PC
  • used for extra bursts of speed
48
Q

what are the disadvantages of glycolytic system?

A
  • lactic acid produced stops enzymes from working
  • small amount of energy released
49
Q

during long duration/low intensity exercise, which energy system is predominantly used?

A

aerobic energy system

50
Q

why are fats only used at low intensities?

A

fats can only be broken down if oxygen is present

51
Q

what is oxygen consumption?

A

the amount of oxygen used to produce ATP

52
Q

what is oxygen consumption at rest?

A

0.3-0.4 litres/min

53
Q

what is maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)?

A

maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up and consumed by the muscles per minute

54
Q

what is the average maximal oxygen consumption?

A

3-6 litres/min

55
Q

what is sub-maximal oxygen deficit?

A

when there is not enough oxygen at the start of exercise to provide all the energy aerobically

56
Q

why does sub-maximal oxygen deficit occur?

A
  • not enough oxygen in tissues for ATP to be produced aerobically
  • circulatory system takes time to respond to the increased demand for oxygen
  • energy is produced anaerobically until enough oxygen is supplied
57
Q

what does maximal oxygen deficit give an indication of?

A

anaerobic capacity

58
Q

how is oxygen deficit affected during sub-maximal exercise?

A
  • small oxygen deficit
  • performer works aerobically
59
Q

how is oxygen deficit affected during maximal exercise?

A
  • bigger oxygen deficit
  • performer is short of oxygen so works anaerobically
60
Q

what is EPOC?

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

61
Q

what are the two components of EPOC?

A
  • fast
  • slow
62
Q

how long does the fast component of EPOC take?

A

2-3 minutes

63
Q

how much oxygen does the fast component of EPOC take?

A

3-4 litres

64
Q

what are the roles of the fast component of EPOC?

A
  • resynthesising ATP and PC stores
  • replenishing myoglobin stores
65
Q

how long does the slow component of EPOC take?

A

2+ hours depending on intensity

66
Q

what are the roles of the slow component of EPOC?

A
  • oxidising lactic acid to CO2 and H2O
  • converting lactic acid into glucose and glycogen in the liver
67
Q

which energy systems does short duration/high intensity exercise use?

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • anaerobic glycolytic system
68
Q

which ion does lactic acid break down into? what happens to the remaining compound?

A
  • hydrogen ions
  • combines with Na+ or K+ to form salt lactate
69
Q

what happens as lactate accumulates in the muscles?

A
  • H+ also accumulates
  • increased acidity
70
Q

how does an increase in acidity affect the body?

A
  • enzymes that break down glycogen denature
  • lack of glucose causes fatigue
71
Q

what is the lactate threshold?

A

the movement from aerobic to anaerobic energy system due to an increase in exercise intensity

72
Q

what is OBLA?

A
  • onset of blood lactate
  • high intensity results in not taking in enough oxygen to break down lactate that accumulates
73
Q

what are lactate levels at rest?

A

1-2 millimoles/litre

74
Q

what is lactate level during exercise?

A

increases past 4 millimoles/litre

75
Q

what can OBLA give an indication of?

A
  • a person’s endurance capacity
  • some people can work at higher intensities before OBLA occurs
76
Q

what is an average person’s lactate threshold?

A

50-60% of VO2 max

77
Q

what is an elite performer’s lactate threshold?

A

could be as high as 70-80% of VO2 max

78
Q

why would the multistage fitness test show OBLA?

A
  • test becomes harder
  • body can no longer work aerobically
  • lactate accumulates reaching OBLA
  • muscles fatigue, performer slows down
79
Q

what factors impact lactate accumulation?

A
  • exercise intensity
  • muscle fibre type
  • respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
  • fitness of performer
80
Q

how does exercise intensity impact lactate accumulation?

A

higher intensities mean the performer works anaerobically, so more lactate is accumulated

81
Q

how does the muscle fibre type impact lactate accumulation?

A

slow twitch break down glycogen with oxygen, so less lactate is accumulated

82
Q

how does respiratory exchange ratio (RER) impact lactate accumulation?

A

when the value is closer to 1, OBLA occurs

83
Q

how does the fitness of the performer impact lactate accumulation?

A
  • the body can tolerate more lactate
  • the body adapts e.g. more mitochondria, greater capillary density
84
Q

what is the energy continuum?

A
  • describes the type of respiration used by physical activities
  • whether aerobic or anaerobic depends on the intensity and duration of exercise
85
Q

what are the features of ATP generation in slow twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • via aerobic system
  • 36 ATP
  • slow production
  • less likely to fatigue
86
Q

what are the features of ATP generation in fast twitch muscle fibres?

A
  • via anaerobic system
  • 2 ATP
  • fast production
  • will fatigue
87
Q

what are some sporting examples of energy supplied by the ATP-PC system?

A
  • 100m
  • long jump
88
Q

what are some sporting examples of energy supplied by the ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolytic systems?

A
  • 200m
  • 400m
  • gymnastics floor routine
89
Q

what are some sporting examples of energy supplied by the anaerobic glycolytic and aerobic systems?

A
  • 1500m
  • round of boxing
90
Q

what are some sporting examples of energy supplied by the aerobic system?

A
  • marathon
  • cross-country skiing
91
Q

what is vo2 max?

A

the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

92
Q

what factors affect vo2 max?

A
  • physiological
  • lifestyle
  • body composition
  • gender
  • age
  • genetics
  • training
93
Q

how do physiological factors affect vo2 max?

A
  • increase maximum cardiac output
  • increase stroke volume
  • increase number of RBCs
  • increase number of mitochondria
94
Q

what lifestyle factors affect vo2 max?

A
  • smoking
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • poor diet
  • poor fitness
95
Q

how does body composition affect vo2 max?

A

a higher % of body fat decreases vo2 max

96
Q

how does gender affect vo2 max?

A

men generally have 20% higher vo2 max than women

97
Q

how does age affect vo2 max?

A

as we get older our vo2 max declines as our body systems become less efficient

98
Q

how do genetics affect vo2 max?

A

inherited factors of physiology limit possible improvement e.g. asthma

99
Q

how does training affect vo2 max?

A

vo2 max can be improved up to 10-20% following a period of aerobic training

100
Q

what does indirect calorimetry measure?

A
  • carbon dioxide produced
  • oxygen consumed
101
Q

what can indirect calorimetry be used to determine?

A
  • energy expenditure
  • fuel being used
102
Q

what is lactate sampling?

A

a method used to assess the amount of lactate that has developed in the blood post exercise

103
Q

what can lactate sampling be used for?

A
  • measuring exercise intensity
  • ensuring training is at the correct intensity
  • helps monitor improvements
  • measuring obla
104
Q

what does respiratory exchange ratio measure?

A
  • carbon dioxide produced
  • oxygen consumed
105
Q

what is the cori cycle?

A

the process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen

106
Q

what is buffering?

A

a process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle

107
Q

what is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

the ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed

108
Q

what are the positive impacts of altitude training?

A
  • increase erythropoietin
  • increase rbc production and haemoglobin
  • increase oxygen carrying capacity and delivery
  • can work at higher intensities aerobically
  • delays obla, quicker recovery
109
Q

what are the negative impacts of altitude training?

A
  • acclimatisation/altitude sickness
  • benefits are lost quickly at sea level
  • body can only produce limited epo
  • expensive
110
Q

what does altitude training involve?

A

training at 2000m above sea level to increase oxygen carrying capacity of the blood - improving aerobic capacity

111
Q

what does HIIT training involve?

A

alternate periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense aerobic recovery periods

112
Q

how can HIIT training be varied?

A
  • duration of work/recovery
  • number of work/recovery periods
  • intensity of speed/intensity of work
113
Q

what are the positives of HIIT training?

A
  • mimics demands of sport, can include skill aspects
  • aerobic and anaerobic improvements
  • individual or team
  • faster adaptations
114
Q

what are the negatives of HIIT training?

A
  • high intensity can lead to injury
  • no tactics
  • negative transfer due to fatigue
115
Q

what does plyometric training involve?

A
  • explosive movements involving jumping, bounding and landing
  • eccentric contraction followed by concentric
  • increases elastic strength and stretch reflex
  • muscle spindles detect lengthening and send info to CNS
  • tells muscle to contract faster and harder
116
Q

what are the positives of speed agility quickness training?

A
  • develops speed, agility, power, coordination
  • develops neuromuscular patterns and timing of contractions
  • develops performance techniques
  • injury is less likely due to correct technique
  • variety of training

PE (18 decks)

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