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MY IB Physics > 8- Energy, Power and Climate Change > Flashcards

8- Energy, Power and Climate Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Albedo (definition)

A

The ratio of the power that is scattered (reflected) from the surface over total incident power received. It is a ratio and has no units.

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2
Q

Black body radiation

A

The maximum theoretical amount of radiation that can be emitted from any surface

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3
Q

Carbon dioxide capture and storage

A

The general term for preventing the release of carbon dioxide into the environment

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4
Q

Coefficient of volume expansion

A

The fractional change in volume per degree change in temperature, units K^-1

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5
Q

Combined heating and power system

A

A system that improves the overall efficiency of electricity generation by using thermal energy created to for example supply hot water to people

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6
Q

Degraded energy

A

Energy that is transferred to the surroundings (thermal energy) is no longer available to perform useful work

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7
Q

Efficiency of coal

A

35%

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8
Q

Efficiency of gas

A

45%

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9
Q

Efficiency of oil

A

38%

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10
Q

Emissivity (definition)

A

Ratio of power radiated by a body over power radiated by a black body

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11
Q

Power radiated by a body

A

P = εσAT^4

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12
Q

When a body is a black body, the emissivity, ε, is…

A

1

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13
Q

Energy balance climate model (equation)

A

∆T = (Iin - Iout)∆t / Cs

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14
Q

Energy balance climate model (definition)

A

The variation of temperature of a planet if the incoming and outgoing radiation intensity differ

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15
Q

Energy density

A

The energy liberated per unit mass of fuel consumed, measured in J/kg

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16
Q

Oscillating water column ocean-wave energy converter

A

A converter that uses the kinetic energy of waves to generate electrical energy

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17
Q

Pros of fossil fuels

A

High energy density, extensive distribution network in place

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18
Q

Cons of fossil fuels

A

Leakage causes environmental problems, need extensive storage facilities

19
Q

Electricity production process

A

Fuel, kinetic/thermal energy, rotating turbine, electrical energy

20
Q

Process of colliding neutrons created in fission to collide with other nuclei to sustain reaction

A

Chain reaction

21
Q

Critical mass

A

Minimum mass of uranium-235 for chain reaction to sustain itself

22
Q

Moderator

A

Slows down neutrons in nuclear reactor by causing collisions between them and nuclei of the moderator (often water)

23
Q

Heat exchanger

A

Transfers energy to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine, allowing the nuclear reaction to occur in a sealed off place

24
Q

Control rods

A

Movable rods that readily absorb neutrons. They can be introduced or removed from the reaction chamber in order to control the chain reaction

25
Q

Fuel enrichment

A

Process by which the isotopic composition of a nuclear fuel is increased to make nuclear fissions more likely

26
Q

Controlled nuclear fission

A

Excess neutrons are absorbed to ensure that the nuclear reactions take place at a constant rate

27
Q

Pros of nuclear fission

A

High energy density, large reserves of nuclear fuel, no greenhouse gases

28
Q

Cons of nuclear fission

A

Radioactive waste, nuclear weapons

29
Q

Solar constant S

A

1400W/m^2

30
Q

Insolation

A

Energy per square metre that arrives at Earth’s surface in a day

31
Q

Insolation varies according to…

A

Distance from equator, season

32
Q

Photovoltaic system

A

Incident sunlight produces a dc current and voltage, solar -> electric

33
Q

Solar thermal system

A

Extracts thermal energy from sun to heat water, solar -> thermal

34
Q

Pros of solar power

A

Free, renewable, clean

35
Q

Cons of solar power

A

Daytime only, affected by weather, low energy density, requires large area

36
Q

Average radiation intensity received by earth

A

250W/m^2

37
Q

Pros of hydroelectric power

A

Free, renewable, clean

38
Q

Cons of hydroelectric power

A

Very location dependent, high initial cost, changes environment

39
Q

Pros of wave power

A

Free, reasonable energy density, renewable, clean

40
Q

Cons of wave power

A

Needs large waves, maintenance and installation expensive, waves are irregular

41
Q

Pros of wind power

A

Free, renewable, clean, ideal for remote locations

42
Q

Cons of wind power

A

Requires wind, ulgy and noisy, expensive maintenance, best locations far from cities

43
Q

Why doesn’t the melting of floating sea ice result in a rise in sea levels?

A

When ice melts it occupies a volume equal to the displaced water volume

44
Q

Sea levels rise because _ melts

A

Land ice

MY IB Physics (9 decks)

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