8: Anatomy - Urinary incontinence and prolapse Flashcards
What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?
Pelvic floor
What structures make up the pelvic floor?
Pelvic diaphragm
Perineal muscles
Perineal membrane
all in the urogenital triangle
What are the two muscle groups found in the pelvic floor?
Levator ani
Coccygeus
What is the gap between the levator ani muscles called?
What is contained within it?
Urogenital hiatus
Urethra (males and females) and vagina (in females)
What is the innermost levator ani muscle?
What does it enclose?
Puborectalis
Rectum
What are the three levator ani muscles?
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus (to anococcygeal ligament, not a true sling)
Iliococcygeus
The levator ani muscles are (contracted / relaxed) by default.
contracted
Which somatic motor nerves supply the
a) superior
b) inferior
aspects of the levator ani muscles?
a) Nerve to levator ani S3-5
b) Pudendal nerve S2-4
Which lateral rotator of the hip is iliococcygeus closely related to?
Obturator internus
In what fascia does the neurovasculature of the pelvis descend?
Endopelvic fascia
What structures hold the pelvic organs in place?
Can you give an example?
Pelvic ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments
Which pouch is covered superiorly by the levator ani and inferiorly by the perineal membrane?
Deep perineal pouch
Which muscle, found in the male and female, is found in the deep urethral pouch and attaches to the external urethral sphincter?
Compressor urethrae
Which muscle is found posteriorly in the deep perineal pouch but is only named in males?
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Which glands are found within the deep transverse perineal muscle in males?
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper’s glands
produce lubricant
Which deep gluteal muscle is the iliococcygeus muscle closely related to?
Obturator internus
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
What female gland are they homologous to?
Secrete lubricant and alkali amongst other things into the semen to improve chances of fertilisation
Bartholin’s glands / Greater vestibular glands
Which veins are contained in the deep perineal pouch?
Dorsal veins of the penis / clitoris
What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?
In both sexes:
urethra, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae, fat, dorsal veins
In males:
+ deep transverse perineal muscle and bulbourethral glands
In females:
+ vagina
Which lower limb muscles are closely related to the pelvic diaphragm muscles?
Obturator internus
Piriformis
remember these form the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
In which space is the root of the penis found in males?
Superficial perineal pouch
The superficial perineal pouch contains the ___ of the penis in males.
root of the penis
What are the two parts of the root of the penis?
Bulb
Crura
Which structure develops from the bulb of the penis?
Corpus spongiosum
What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum?
Transmits spongy urethra
Which structures develop from the two crura of the penis?
Corpus cavernosa
What does crura mean?
Leg
So the penis has two legs –> corpus cavernosum(s?)
What is the purpose of the corpus cavernosum?
Fill with blood during erection
What are the muscles associated with urination and ejaculation in males?
Bulbospongiosus x1
Ischiocavernosus x2
named for what they attach to
What are the three erector muscles found in the superficial perineal pouch in males?
Bulbospongiosus x1
Ischiocavernosus x2
Which perineal muscle is found in the superficial perineal pouch in both males and females?
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Remember the deep muscle is only found in males, in the deep perineal pouch
Which nerve innervates the erector muscles in the male?
Internal pudendal nerve
What are the greater vestibular glands in females also known as?
Where are they found?
Bartholin’s glands
Superficial perineal pouch
In which perineal pouch are the Bartholin’s glands found?
Superficial perineal pouch
What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?
Which male glands are they homologous to?
Secrete lubricant into the vagina
Bulbourethral / Cowper’s glands
The deep transverse perineal muscle is found in (males / females).
The superficial transverse perineal muscle is found in (males / females).
deep transverse perineal - males only, deep perineal pouch
superficial transverse perineal - both, superficial perineal pouch
Which structures help to maintain urinary continence?
a) Levator ani, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae (+ prostate gland in males)
Which levator ani muscle controls faecal continence?
Puborectalis
What are some different types of pelvic prolapse in women?
Vaginal
Uterine
Bladder (Cystocele)
Rectum (Rectocele)
Peritoneal (Enterocele)
