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Peds case files > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

1
Q

Children younger than 5 years are at a greater risk for lead toxicity and its sequela because of ?

A

increased GI absorption, more frequent hand-to-mouth activity, and a susceptible developing CNS

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2
Q

s/s at high blood lead levels (BLLs)

A

Anorexia, hyperirritability, altered sleep pattern, and decreased play, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, Developmental regression, especially with speech,

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3
Q

signs of encephalopathy in lead poisoning

A

Persistent vomiting, ataxia, altered consciousness, coma, and seizures

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4
Q

Permanent, long-term consequences of lead poisoning

A

learning and cognitive deficits and aggressive behavior

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5
Q

lead chelation in an asymptomatic child may consist of ?

A

IM calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaEDTA) or more commonly oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer)

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6
Q

Hospitalized symptomatic patients with lead poisoning are often treated with

A

2,3-dimercaptopropanol (British anti-Lewisite [BAL]) and CaEDTA

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7
Q

the CDC identifies children with lead levels above ? as having an elevated lead level and requiring further investigation

A

5 μg/dL

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8
Q

Chelation therapy is currently advised for patients with a blood lead level of ? and above Environmental investigation is recommended in patients with a blood lead level of ? and above

A

45 μg/dL

20 μg/dL

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9
Q

Although medications are the most common cause of SJS overall, ? typically account for a higher percentage of cases in children than in adults

A

infections related to viruses and atypical bacteria, such as M pneumoniae, Herpes viridae

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10
Q

management of SJS

A 
Stop offending agent and admit to the hospital for close observation
lab tests (CMP, CBC, blood culture), IV hydration, broad-spectrum antibiotics for typical (pneumococcus, Staphylococcus aureus) and atypical (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) (CAP).  (ceftriaxone, azithromycin) Ophthalmology should be consulted, and ICU monitoring may be necessary
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11
Q

synechiae

A

Adhesions of the iris to either the cornea or lens; complication of ocular trauma or inflammation of the iris; identified by ophthalmoscope or on slit-lamp examination

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12
Q

SCORTEN: Score of TEN

A

Scores the severity of bullous conditions; initially developed for TEN, but also utilized in patients with thermal burns or SJS
CU placement should be considered for any patient with a SCORTEN score 2 or greater.

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13
Q

SCORTEN

A

http://casefiles.mhmedical.com.mwu.idm.oclc.org/ViewLarge.aspx?figid=105347083&gbosContainerID=75&gbosid=219800

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14
Q

extent of epidermal detachment differentiates the SJS and TEN

A

SJS less than 10%, SJS/TEN overlap syndrome 10%-30%, TEN more than 30%

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15
Q

Common inciting agents of SJS/TEN

A

antibiotics (sulfonamides, PCN, cephs), NSAIDs, allopurinol, and antiepileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital)
-first occur about 2 weeks after a new med exposure

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16
Q

increased risk for SJS in these pts

A

HIV: TMP-SMX
select human leucocyte antigen types (HLA-B 1502): aromatic anti epileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital)
“slow acetylators”
polymorphism in IL-4 receptor gene

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17
Q

SJS prodrome

A

ever and flu-like illness, burning sensation or other skin paresthesias, erythroderma, tongue swelling, facial edema, and palpable purpura

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18
Q

SJS lesions

A

ill-defined or target-shaped erythematous macules with purpuric centers
symmetrical and typically begins on the face and thorax, before extending to other areas (palms and soles typically spared)

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19
Q

SJS mucous membrane involvement
most common site?
other complications?

A

eyes, mouth, upper airway, esophagus, GI tract, anogenital mucosa
Ocular lesions, can lead to corneal ulceration, synechiae, and eventual blindness
-stomatitis, urethritis, and pulmonary involvement (cough, dyspnea)

20
Q

SJS serious complications

A

sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction

21
Q

controversial treatments of SJS

A

corticosteroids, IVIG

22
Q

pityriasis alba

A

hypopigmented macules on face, neck, trunk, and extremities with irregular borders, can varying size, and slight scale. more noticeable after sun exposure because of tanning of the surrounding skin.
decreased number of active melanocytes and decreased number and size of melanosomes.

23
Q

pyloric stenosis dimensions on U/S

A

cross-sectional single muscle thickness greater than 3 mm and length greater than 17 mm

24
Q

imaging for bilious vomiting

A

KUB (abd. XR), Upper GI series

25
Q

CXR in RSV bronchiolitis

A

hyperinflation and increased perivascular markings

26
Q

Salter Harris fractures mnemonic: SALTER

A

I – S = Straight across. Fracture of the cartilage of the physis (growth plate)
II – A = Above. The fracture lies above the physis, or Away from the joint.
III – L = Lower. The fracture is below the physis in the epiphysis.
IV – TE = Through Everything. The fracture is through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis.
V – R = Rammed (crushed). The physis has been crushed.

27
Q

metaphyseal corner fracture (bucket-handle fracture) occurs when a small piece of bone is avulsed due to shearing on the growth plate, mechanism?

A

acceleration/deceleration force during shaking or grabbing, implies child abuse

28
Q

Screen infants for DDH with a history of ? is usually performed at four to six weeks, after the newborn laxity has resolved
what imaging?

A

a click, breech position or positive family history

ultrasound

29
Q

imaging for intussusception

A 
Abdominal radiographs (KUB)
Air enema
Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis
30
Q

complications of meningitis

A

Deafness, cranial nerve palsies, and, rarely, hemiparesis or global brain injury, seizures, cerebral infarction, cerebral or cerebellar herniation, venous sinus thrombosis, subdural effusions, SIADH secretion with hyponatremia, and central diabetes insipidus

31
Q

most common causes of meningitis in neonate

A

GBS, E. coli, Listeria

32
Q

meningitis symptoms in an infant are typically atypical

A

thermal instability (often hypothermia), poor feeding, emesis, seizures, irritability, and apnea, +/-bulging fontanelle, hyper/hypotonicity

33
Q

bacterial meningitis orgs in older kids

A

S. pneumo and N. meningitidis

more rare: Pseudomonas, S.aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella sp, and Listeria

34
Q

classic symptoms of meningitis seen in older children and adults

A

mental status changes, N/V, lethargy, restlessness, ataxia, back pain, Kernig and Brudzinski signs, and cranial nerve palsies

35
Q

CSF analysis

A

Gram stain and culture, RBC/WBC counts, and protein and glucose analysis

36
Q

vaccination schedule

A

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf

37
Q

Typical bacterial meningitis CSF findings

A

an elevated opening pressure, several hundred to thousands of WBCs with PMN cell predominance, and elevated protein and decreased glucose levels

38
Q

neonatal meningitis antibiotics

A

ampicillin often is combined with a third-generation cephalosporin or an amino glycoside (GBS, E.coli, List)

39
Q

antibiotics in suspected pneumococcal meningitis

A

third-generation cephalosporin combined with vancomycin

40
Q

most common long-term sequela of meningitis

A

hearing loss (up to 30% of patients with pneumococcus)

41
Q

less common complications of meningitis

A

Mental retardation, neuropsychiatric and learning problems, epilepsy, behavioral problems, vision loss, and hydrocephalus

42
Q

Nuchal rigidity is not a reliable finding of meningitis until ?

A

12 to 18 months of age

43
Q

how many patients with meningitis have a seizure?

A

1/3

44
Q

how to describe clubfoot

A 
(talipes equinovarus)
plantar-flexed
high-arched
metatarsus addductus
foot curved inward
more...
45
Q

vitamin D level to check

A

25-D not 1,25-D

46
Q

at how many months would you expect conjugate gaze?

A

4 months

Peds case files (12 decks)

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