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IB Chemistry > 8+18 acids and bases > Flashcards

8+18 acids and bases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is arrhenius’ theory of acids?

A

a substance that releases H+ ions when dissolved in water

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2
Q

what is arrhenius’ theory of bases?

A

a substance that releases OH- ions when dissolved in watr

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3
Q

what is the bronsted-lowry theory of acids?

A

an acid is a substance that can donate a proton to another substance

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4
Q

what is the bronsted-lowry theory of bases?

A

a base is a substance that can accept a proton from another substance

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5
Q

what are amphiprotic species?

A

substances that can act both as a bronsted-lowry base and acid

i.e. both donate and accept a proton

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6
Q

what are amphoteric substances?

A

substances that act as an acid and a base

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7
Q

what is the lewis theory of acids?

A

an acid is an electron pair acceptor

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8
Q

what is the lewis theory of bases?

A

a base is an electron pair donor

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9
Q

label the types of acids/bases

A: can donate a proton
B: releases OH- ions when dissolved in water
C: electron pair donor

A

A: B-L acid
B: arrhenius base
C: lewis base

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10
Q

lewis acids and bases form ______ bonds

A

dative

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11
Q

recall transition metals: in complexes, the transition metal acts as a lewis ______ and the ligand acts as a lewis _______

A

acid, base

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12
Q

in aqueous solution, acids:

taste ______
have a pH of ____ to _____
react with _____ to form salt and water
react with carbonates to form ____, ______ and _____
react with ______ to form salt and hydrogen
releases ____ when dissolved in water

A

sour
1-7
bases
salt, water, CO2
metals
H+

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13
Q

alkalis are ________ bases

A

soluble

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14
Q

alkalis:

taste ______
have a pH of _____ to _____
react with acids to form ____ and ____
releases ___ when dissolved in water

A

bitter
7-14
salt, water
OH-

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15
Q

water can can act as both a _________ acid and base

A

bronsted lowry

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16
Q

does pure water get more acidic as temperature increases?

A

yes

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17
Q

is water always neutral?

A

yes!

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18
Q

what is Kw?

A

the ionic product constant of water

19
Q

at 25ºC, Kw =…

A

1.00 x 10^-14

20
Q

self-ionisation of water is [exo/endo]thermic

A

endo

21
Q

what are neutral solutions?

A

solutions where [H+] = [OH-]

22
Q

the larger the pH value, the ________ the [H+]

A

smaller

23
Q

fill in the equation for pH:
14 = …

A

14 = pH + pOH

24
Q

weak acids form [strong/weak] conjugate bases

A

strong

25
Q

the weaker the base, the ________ the conjugate acid

A

stronger

26
Q

recap: the strength of an acid is dependent on its…

A

degree of dissociation

27
Q

what substances is acid deposition is caused by?

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

28
Q

acid deposition leads to ____ of limestone buildings

A

corrosion

29
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen produced?

A

high temperatures of internal combustion engines in cars

30
Q

what are the equations for the reaction of nitrogen oxides to form acid rain? (3)

A

2NO + O2 –> 2NO2
2NO2 + H2O –> HNO3 + HNO2
HNO2 + O2 –> 2HNO3

31
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced?

A
  1. volcanic eruptions
  2. combustion of fossil fuels
32
Q

what is the equation for the formation of sulfur dioxide?

A

S + O2 –> SO2

33
Q

what is the equation for the formation of acid rain from sulfur dioxide? (3)

A

SO2 + H2O –> H2SO3
SO2 + O2 –> 2SO3
SO3 + H2O –> H2SO4

34
Q

what are two ways to deal with acid deposition?

A
  1. pre-combustion removal of SO2
  2. post-combustion removal of SO2
35
Q

how is SO2 removed pre-combustion?

A
  • heat crude oil fractions in the presence of a catalyst to convert S –> HS2
  • HS2 is removed by bubbling through an alkaline solution
36
Q

how is SO2 removed post-combustion?

A
  • flue gas is passed through CaO and CaCO3
  • SO2 reacts to to form harmless CaSO4
37
Q

what is Ka? (short defin.)

A

measure of the strength of a weak acid

38
Q

are Ka and Kb affected by temperature?

A

yes!

39
Q

the _____ the Ka value, the stronger the weak acid

A

larger

40
Q

the larger the pKa value, the ________ the weak acid

A

weaker

41
Q

what is the pKa equation?

A

pKa = -log10Ka

42
Q

what is the Ka equation?

A

Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA]

43
Q

what is the base dissociation constant? (short defin.)

A

a measure of the strength of the weak base

44
Q
A

IB Chemistry (12 decks)

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