7th grade science semester 2 exam study cards Flashcards
Debris
pieces of bone, shell, or other nonrock material
Extrusive igneous rock
lava cooling and solidifying into rock outside of Earth’s surface
Igneous rock
rock formed from the cooling of magma (intrusive igneous) or lava (extrusive igneous)
Intrusive igneous rock
magma cooling and solidifying into rock inside of Earth’s surface
Lava
molten rock outside Earth from a volcanic eruption
Magma
molten rock deep within the Earth
Metamorphic rock
formed when rock is exposed to intense heat and pressure over time
Minerals
naturally occurring, nonliving materials including gold, silver, copper, and quartz
Rock cycle
changes that rocks undergo over time from one form to another
Sedimentary rock
rock formed from the compaction and cementation of sediment and debris over time
Sediment
small particles of sand, pebbles, and other types of rock
Convection
movement caused by hotter, less dense material rising while cooler, denser material sinks
Hotspot
where molten magma rises to just underneath the surface of Earth, creating a bulge or volcanic activity
Biomass
organic matter that can be used as a fuel source
Deforestation
the permanent destruction and clearing of forests and plant life in an area
Desertification
the process that causes fertile land to become desert-like
Fossil fuel
a nonrenewable fuel such as coal, oil, or gas created from the remains of living organisms
Geothermal energy
renewable energy captured through using the heat of the Earth
Global effect
general practices carried out by many that affect a very large area and/or number of people
Local effect
the actions of a few individuals that affect a small area and/or a smaller number of people
Nonrenewable resource
a natural resource that is in limited supply and/or takes more than a lifetime to replenish
Renewable resource
a natural resource that is replaceable through a cycle in nature or sustainable practice in one lifetime
Urbanization
the process of clearing natural vegetation and replacing it with concrete and buildings
Weathering
the breaking down of rocks/minerals on Earth’s surface
Erosion
When water, wind, temperature changes, and ice break rock into smaller pieces of sediment which are then transported to another location
Melting and cooling
As magma rises up through the lithosphere, it may cool inside Earth or erupt as lava and cool on the surface of Earth, creating igneous rock
Compacting and cementing
As layers of sediment compact and cement, it creates sedimentary rock
Types of Sedimentary rock :
limestone, shale, and sandstone
Types of Metamorphic rock:
marble, gneiss, and slate
Types of Igneous rock
granite, basalt, and pumice
Divergent boundaries
occur when tectonic plates move apart
seafloor spreading
divergent boundaries in plates under the sea
Convergent boundaries
occur when tectonic plates move towards each other and slowly collide
Subduction
one plate moves over the other, pushing it deep into the mantle
Transform boundaries
occur when tectonic plates slide past each other
Electromagnetic radiation
the energy that travels in waves from a single source and includes all of the types of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum
the collection of all known frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Frequency
the number of waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time, usually one second
Visible light
a form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye and is made up of all of the colors of the rainbow
Wavelength
the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
Absorption
occurs when light waves strike a medium and are taken into the material; the waves are neither reflected nor refracted, nor are they allowed to pass through the material to the other side
Matter waves
waves that move through particles of matter, including sound waves and water waves
Properties of light
the many ways light waves interact with a medium, including reflection, refraction, and absorption
Reflection
occurs when light waves collide with a medium causing the light waves to bounce off
Refraction
occurs when light waves travel through a transparent medium causing them to bend and change direction
Transparent
when light can pass through an object
Boiling point
the temperature at which a substance turns into a gas or vapor
Condensation
a change of state when matter turns from a gas to a liquid
Conduction
heat transfer from one object to another through touch that occurs in solids
Conductors
substances that are good at allowing thermal energy to transfer easily from one particle to the next
Electromagnetic waves
the energy that travels in waves from a single source and includes all the types of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum
Evaporation
a change of state when matter turns from a liquid to a gas at a slower rate than vaporization
Freezing point
the temperature at which a substance turns into a solid
Insulators
substances that are not good at allowing thermal energy to transfer from one particle to the next
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Melting point
the temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid
Phases of matter
the states in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, and gas
Radiation
heat transfer through electromagnetic waves
States of matter
the phases in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, and gas
Sublimation
a change of state when matter turns directly from a solid to a gas without changing to a liquid first
Temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance
Vaporization
a change of state when matter turns from a liquid to a gas
Biodiversity
all the different plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms
Ecosystem diversity
all the different habitats and ecosystems found around the planet
Genetic diversity
the variety of traits a species has
Population
a group of organisms of one species
Species diversity
the variety of populations of species living in an ecosystem
control variable
a variable that could influence the outcomes of an experiment
Light bends more in ___ mediums
denser
Light moves slower in ___ materials
denser
What best describes violet light?
Has the shortest wavelength
Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
Radio wave
What wave property increases as the wavelength decreases?
As the wavelength decreases, frequency increases.
What happens to the energy as the wavelength decreases?
As the wavelength decreases, the energy increases.
Artificial selection
also called selective breeding, selecting organisms with desired traits to breed producing offspring with the desired characteristics
Biotechnology
a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change living things
Cloning
the process of using egg cells from an individual to produce a new organism
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic information in the cells of all living things
Genetic engineering
using technology to alter or change an organism’s genes, adding genes to or removing genes from an existing set of DNA
Allele
a variation of a specific gene that is coded in proteins and that, when joined with another allele, determines a trait
Asexual reproduction
creation of offspring involving one parent
Centromere
location where two sister chromatids join to create a paired chromosome
Chromatid
one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at a centromere
Chromosomes
strands of DNA containing multiple genes; structures containing all the genetic information needed to make new cells
Dominant
a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits at least one dominant allele for a given trait
Genotype
the specific genetic makeup of an individual, which cannot be observed
Nucleotides
proteins that make up DNA and include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
Nucleus
a large oval structure that controls all of a cell’s activities
Organelle
any organized or specialized structure within a living cell
Phenotype
observable traits that are expressed in an organism’s physical appearance
Recessive
a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits both recessive alleles for a given trait
Sexual reproduction
creation of offspring involving two parents
Codominant
traits that are neither dominant nor recessive but are a combined variation of both
Pedigree chart
a tool used to track inherited traits from one generation to the next
Polygenic traits
traits that are determined by more than one gene
Punnett square
a tool used to predict the probability of possible phenotypes of offspring when the genotypes of the parents are known
Sex-linked traits
traits that are found on chromosomes that are unique to one sex; either male or female
Anaphase
the third stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell
Binary fission
occurs when DNA is copied and a cell divided to create new cells that are identical to the original
Budding
creates a full set of genetically identical DNA as an attachment that later breaks off, creating a new, genetically identical organism
Cytokinesis
the division of cytoplasm during mitosis
Daughter cell
new cell that results from any cellular division
Diploid
a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Fragmentation
occurs when a piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a fully functioning organism that is genetically identical to the original
Gametes
sex cells like sperm and eggs
Haploid
a cell that has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Interphase
the resting phase of the cell cycle, during which the chromosomes may replicate in preparation for cellular division
Meiosis
the process of cell division that divides a cell into four new daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; this process creates gametes, or sex cells
Metaphase
the second stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up along the center of the cell
Mitosis
the process of cellular division in eukaryotes that creates two identical daughter cells
Parent cell
the original cell duplicates its genetic material and divides to create two new, identical daughter cells
Prophase
the first stage of mitosis, when the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes
Telophase
the final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes, creating two new daughter cells
Sickle Cell Anemia
blood disease that is caused by abnormally shaped red blood cells
Acne
a form of skin infection caused by excessive oil, called sebum, that blocks the pores and traps bacteria
type 1 Diabetes
when one does not produce enough insulin to control one’s blood sugar levels
type 2 Diabetes
when one cannot use the insulin in their body properly
True or false:
Heart disease can be controlled by exercise and diet
True
