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7th Grade Science LSS > 7th grade science semester 2 exam study cards > Flashcards

7th grade science semester 2 exam study cards Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Debris

A

pieces of bone, shell, or other nonrock material

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2
Q

Extrusive igneous rock

A

lava cooling and solidifying into rock outside of Earth’s surface

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3
Q

Igneous rock

A

rock formed from the cooling of magma (intrusive igneous) or lava (extrusive igneous)

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4
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

magma cooling and solidifying into rock inside of Earth’s surface

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5
Q

Lava

A

molten rock outside Earth from a volcanic eruption

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6
Q

Magma

A

molten rock deep within the Earth

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7
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

formed when rock is exposed to intense heat and pressure over time

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8
Q

Minerals

A

naturally occurring, nonliving materials including gold, silver, copper, and quartz

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9
Q

Rock cycle

A

changes that rocks undergo over time from one form to another

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10
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

rock formed from the compaction and cementation of sediment and debris over time

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11
Q

Sediment

A

small particles of sand, pebbles, and other types of rock

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12
Q

Convection

A

movement caused by hotter, less dense material rising while cooler, denser material sinks

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13
Q

Hotspot

A

where molten magma rises to just underneath the surface of Earth, creating a bulge or volcanic activity

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14
Q

Biomass

A

organic matter that can be used as a fuel source

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15
Q

Deforestation

A

the permanent destruction and clearing of forests and plant life in an area

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16
Q

Desertification

A

the process that causes fertile land to become desert-like

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17
Q

Fossil fuel

A

a nonrenewable fuel such as coal, oil, or gas created from the remains of living organisms

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18
Q

Geothermal energy

A

renewable energy captured through using the heat of the Earth

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19
Q

Global effect

A

general practices carried out by many that affect a very large area and/or number of people

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20
Q

Local effect

A

the actions of a few individuals that affect a small area and/or a smaller number of people

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21
Q

Nonrenewable resource

A

a natural resource that is in limited supply and/or takes more than a lifetime to replenish

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22
Q

Renewable resource

A

a natural resource that is replaceable through a cycle in nature or sustainable practice in one lifetime

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23
Q

Urbanization

A

the process of clearing natural vegetation and replacing it with concrete and buildings

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24
Q

Weathering

A

the breaking down of rocks/minerals on Earth’s surface

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25
Q

Erosion

A

When water, wind, temperature changes, and ice break rock into smaller pieces of sediment which are then transported to another location

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26
Q

Melting and cooling

A

As magma rises up through the lithosphere, it may cool inside Earth or erupt as lava and cool on the surface of Earth, creating igneous rock

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27
Q

Compacting and cementing

A

As layers of sediment compact and cement, it creates sedimentary rock

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28
Q

Types of Sedimentary rock :

A

limestone, shale, and sandstone

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29
Q

Types of Metamorphic rock:

A

marble, gneiss, and slate

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30
Q

Types of Igneous rock

A

granite, basalt, and pumice

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31
Q

Divergent boundaries

A

occur when tectonic plates move apart

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32
Q

seafloor spreading

A

divergent boundaries in plates under the sea

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33
Q

Convergent boundaries

A

occur when tectonic plates move towards each other and slowly collide

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34
Q

Subduction

A

one plate moves over the other, pushing it deep into the mantle

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35
Q

Transform boundaries

A

occur when tectonic plates slide past each other

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36
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

the energy that travels in waves from a single source and includes all of the types of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum

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37
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

the collection of all known frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

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38
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time, usually one second

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39
Q

Visible light

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye and is made up of all of the colors of the rainbow

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40
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave

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41
Q

Absorption

A

occurs when light waves strike a medium and are taken into the material; the waves are neither reflected nor refracted, nor are they allowed to pass through the material to the other side

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42
Q

Matter waves

A

waves that move through particles of matter, including sound waves and water waves

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43
Q

Properties of light

A

the many ways light waves interact with a medium, including reflection, refraction, and absorption

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44
Q

Reflection

A

occurs when light waves collide with a medium causing the light waves to bounce off

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45
Q

Refraction

A

occurs when light waves travel through a transparent medium causing them to bend and change direction

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46
Q

Transparent

A

when light can pass through an object

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47
Q

Boiling point

A

the temperature at which a substance turns into a gas or vapor

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48
Q

Condensation

A

a change of state when matter turns from a gas to a liquid

49
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer from one object to another through touch that occurs in solids

50
Q

Conductors

A

substances that are good at allowing thermal energy to transfer easily from one particle to the next

51
Q

Electromagnetic waves

A

the energy that travels in waves from a single source and includes all the types of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum

52
Q

Evaporation

A

a change of state when matter turns from a liquid to a gas at a slower rate than vaporization

53
Q

Freezing point

A

the temperature at which a substance turns into a solid

54
Q

Insulators

A

substances that are not good at allowing thermal energy to transfer from one particle to the next

55
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

56
Q

Melting point

A

the temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid

57
Q

Phases of matter

A

the states in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, and gas

58
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

59
Q

States of matter

A

the phases in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, and gas

60
Q

Sublimation

A

a change of state when matter turns directly from a solid to a gas without changing to a liquid first

61
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance

62
Q

Vaporization

A

a change of state when matter turns from a liquid to a gas

63
Q

Biodiversity

A

all the different plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms

64
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

all the different habitats and ecosystems found around the planet

65
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the variety of traits a species has

66
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of one species

67
Q

Species diversity

A

the variety of populations of species living in an ecosystem

68
Q

control variable

A

a variable that could influence the outcomes of an experiment

69
Q

Light bends more in ___ mediums

A

denser

70
Q

Light moves slower in ___ materials

A

denser

71
Q

What best describes violet light?

A

Has the shortest wavelength

72
Q

Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?

A

Radio wave

73
Q

What wave property increases as the wavelength decreases?

A

As the wavelength decreases, frequency increases.

74
Q

What happens to the energy as the wavelength decreases?

A

As the wavelength decreases, the energy increases.

75
Q

Artificial selection

A

also called selective breeding, selecting organisms with desired traits to breed producing offspring with the desired characteristics

76
Q

Biotechnology

A

a scientific field that uses technology to purposefully change living things

77
Q

Cloning

A

the process of using egg cells from an individual to produce a new organism

78
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic information in the cells of all living things

79
Q

Genetic engineering

A

using technology to alter or change an organism’s genes, adding genes to or removing genes from an existing set of DNA

80
Q

Allele

A

a variation of a specific gene that is coded in proteins and that, when joined with another allele, determines a trait

81
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring involving one parent

82
Q

Centromere

A

location where two sister chromatids join to create a paired chromosome

83
Q

Chromatid

A

one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at a centromere

84
Q

Chromosomes

A

strands of DNA containing multiple genes; structures containing all the genetic information needed to make new cells

85
Q

Dominant

A

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits at least one dominant allele for a given trait

86
Q

Genotype

A

the specific genetic makeup of an individual, which cannot be observed

87
Q

Nucleotides

A

proteins that make up DNA and include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

88
Q

Nucleus

A

a large oval structure that controls all of a cell’s activities

89
Q

Organelle

A

any organized or specialized structure within a living cell

90
Q

Phenotype

A

observable traits that are expressed in an organism’s physical appearance

91
Q

Recessive

A

a gene that will be expressed if a living thing inherits both recessive alleles for a given trait

92
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring involving two parents

93
Q

Codominant

A

traits that are neither dominant nor recessive but are a combined variation of both

94
Q

Pedigree chart

A

a tool used to track inherited traits from one generation to the next

95
Q

Polygenic traits

A

traits that are determined by more than one gene

96
Q

Punnett square

A

a tool used to predict the probability of possible phenotypes of offspring when the genotypes of the parents are known

97
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

traits that are found on chromosomes that are unique to one sex; either male or female

98
Q

Anaphase

A

the third stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell

99
Q

Binary fission

A

occurs when DNA is copied and a cell divided to create new cells that are identical to the original

100
Q

Budding

A

creates a full set of genetically identical DNA as an attachment that later breaks off, creating a new, genetically identical organism

101
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the division of cytoplasm during mitosis

102
Q

Daughter cell

A

new cell that results from any cellular division

103
Q

Diploid

A

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

104
Q

Fragmentation

A

occurs when a piece of an organism breaks off and grows into a fully functioning organism that is genetically identical to the original

105
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells like sperm and eggs

106
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

107
Q

Interphase

A

the resting phase of the cell cycle, during which the chromosomes may replicate in preparation for cellular division

108
Q

Meiosis

A

the process of cell division that divides a cell into four new daughter cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; this process creates gametes, or sex cells

109
Q

Metaphase

A

the second stage in mitosis, when the duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up along the center of the cell

110
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of cellular division in eukaryotes that creates two identical daughter cells

111
Q

Parent cell

A

the original cell duplicates its genetic material and divides to create two new, identical daughter cells

112
Q

Prophase

A

the first stage of mitosis, when the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes

113
Q

Telophase

A

the final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes, creating two new daughter cells

114
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

blood disease that is caused by abnormally shaped red blood cells

115
Q

Acne

A

a form of skin infection caused by excessive oil, called sebum, that blocks the pores and traps bacteria

116
Q

type 1 Diabetes

A

when one does not produce enough insulin to control one’s blood sugar levels

117
Q

type 2 Diabetes

A

when one cannot use the insulin in their body properly

118
Q

True or false:

Heart disease can be controlled by exercise and diet

A

True

7th Grade Science LSS (2 decks)

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