7th Grade Final Exam Review Key Terms s.s. Flashcards
1
Q
Economy
A
The system of production, distribution and consumption
2
Q
Land bridge
A
A piece of land connecting two otherwise separate pieces of land
3
Q
League of Iroquois/Iroquois Confederacy
A
.
4
Q
Colony
A
Group of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by the government of their native land
5
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
The global exchange of goods and ideas resulting from the encounter between the peoples of the eastern and western hemispheres
6
Q
Turning Point
A
Moment in history that marks a decisive change
7
Q
Conquistador
A
Name for the Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain
8
Q
Missionary
A
Person who tries to spread certain religious beliefs among a group of people
9
Q
Geography
A
The study of people, their environments, and their resources
10
Q
Missions
A
Person who tries to spread certain religious beliefs among a group of people
11
Q
Northwest passage
A
A waterway through or around North America
12
Q
Charter
A
Legal document giving certain rights to a person or company
13
Q
Representative government
A
Political system in which voters choose representatives to make laws for them
14
Q
House of burgesses
A
Representative assembly in colonial Virginia
15
Q
Persecution
A
Mistreatment or punishment of a group of people because of their beliefs
16
Q
Pilgrims
A
English settlers who sought religious freedom in the Americas
17
Q
Mayflower compact
A
A 1620 agreement for ruling Plymouth colony
18
Q
Puritans
A
Group of English Protestants who settled the Massachusetts bay colony
19
Q
Religious tolerance
A
Town meetings
20
Q
Town meetings
A
Meeting in colonial New England where settlers discussed and voted on issues
21
Q
Proprietary colony
A
English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment
22
Q
Royal colony
A
Colony under the direct control of the English crown
23
Q
Quakers
A
Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people
24
Q
Cash crop
A
Crop sold for money at a market
25
Slave codes
Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights
26
Triangular trade
Colonial trade route between new England the west indies and Africa
27
Middle passage
?
28
Mercantilism
Theory that a nations economic strength came from keeping a strict control over its colonial trade
29
Export
Trade product sent to markets outside the country
30
Import
Trade product brought into a country
31
Navigation acts
Series of English laws in the 1650s that regulated trade between England and its colonies
32
Enlightenment
Movement in Europe in the 1600s and 1700s the emphasized the use of reason
33
French and indian war
A war that took place from 1754 to 1763
34
Albany plan of union
Proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create one government for the 13 colonies
35
Treaty of paris, 1763
A 1763 agreement between Britain and France that that ended the French and indian war
36
Proclamation of 1763
Law forbidding english colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains
37
Stamp act
A 1765 law that placed new duties on legal documents and taxed newspapers almanacs and playing cards and dice
38
Townshend act
Laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass paper paint and lead and tea
39
Petition
Formal written request to someone in authority that is signed by a group of people
40
Boycott
To refuse to buy and use certain goods and services
41
Repeal
To cancel
42
Boston madsacre
Conflict in which five colonists were killed by British troops
43
Writs of assistance
Legal document that allowed British customs officials to inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason
44
Committee of correspondence
Letter writing campaign that became a major tool of protest in the colonies
45
Tea act
Law that let the British East India Company bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonists
46
Boston tea party
Protest in which colonists dressed as indians dumped British tea into the Boston harbor
47
Intolerable acts
Series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party
48
Militia
Army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency
49
Minutemen
Colonial militia volunteer who was prepared to fight at a minutes notice
50
Patriot
Colonist who favored war against Britain
51
Loyalist
Colonist who remained loyal to Britain
52
Blockade
The shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
53
Mercenary
Soldier who fights merely for pay, often for a foreign country
54
Battles of lexington and concord
Conflicts between Massachusetts colonists and British soldiers that started the revolutionary war
55
Battle of bunker hill
In 1775 first major battle of the revolution
56
Common sense
A 1776 essay by Thomas Paine that urged the colonies to declare independence
57
Declaration of independence
A1776 document stating that the 13 colonies were a free and independent nation
58
Natural rights
Rights that belong to all people from birth
59
Traitor
Person who betrays his or her country
60
2nd continental congress
?
61
Battle of saratoga
In 1777 the first major American victory in the revolution
62
Valley forge
Pennsylvania site of Washington's continental army encampment during the winter
63
Guerrilla warfare
Hit and run attacks
64
Seige
Military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position in order to force it to surrender
65
Battle of yorktown
American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender
66
Treaty of paris
Agreement between Britain and France that ended the french and american war
67
Articles of confederation
First american constitution passed in 1777 which created a loose alliance of 13 states
68
Shay's rebellion
Revolt in Massachusetts led by farmers in reaction to high taxes
69
Constitutional convention
Gathering of state representatives to revise the articles of confederation
70
New jersey plan
Plan at the constitutional convention favored by smaller states that called for three branches of government with a single chamber legislature
71
Virginia plan
Called for a strong national government with three branches and two chamber legislatures
72
Great compromise
Plan at the constitutional convention that settled the differences between large and small states
73
Three-fifths compromise
3/5 of slaves in a state counted as population
74
Founding fathers
Leaders who laid the ground work for the united states
75
Republic
Citizens choose representatives to govern them
76
Federalists
Supporters of the constitution that provided a strong federal government
77
The federalist papers
Series of essays by James Maddison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in support of ratifying the constitution
78
Antifederalists
People who apposed the constitution and a strong national government
79
Constitution
Document that sets out the laws principles and organizations and process of a government
80
Bill of rights
Written list of freedoms the government promises to protect
81
Amend
Change
82
Checks and balances
A principle of the united states constitution that gives each branch of government the power to check the other branches
83
Federalism
A division of power between the federal government and the states
84
Limited government
A principle of the united states constitution that states that government has only the powers that the constitution gives it
85
Preamble
Introduction to the declaration, constitution, or any document
86
Separation of power
The powers of the government are divided among different branches
87
Legislative branch
Branch of government that passes laws
88
Executive branch
Branch of government that carries out laws
89
Judicial branch
Branch of government that decides if laws are constitutional and carried out fairly
90
House of representatives
Larger of the two parts of the legislative branch
91
Senate
Smaller part of the legislative branch
92
Electoral college
Group Of electors from every state who meet every four years to vote for the president and vice president of the united states
93
Supreme court
Highest court in the united states established by the constitution
94
Veto
To reject! The president rejects a law passed by congress
95
Unconstitutional
Not permitted by the constitution
96
Override
To overrule as when the congress overrides a presidents veto
97
Impeach
To bring charges of serious wrong doing against a public official
98
Citizen
Person who owes loyalty to a particular nation and is entitled to all its rights and protections
99
Geography
The study of people their environments and their resources
100
Precedent
Act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
101
Cabinet
Group of officials who head government departments and advise the president
102
Neutrality
Neutral in war
103
Whiskey rebellion
Protest over tax on all liquor made and sold in the united states
104
Embargo act
Law that imposed a total ban on foreign trade
105
XYZ affair
French attempt to bribe the united states by demanding money before discussing seizure of neutral american ships
106
Alien and sedition act
President could expel foreigners made it harder to immigrants to become citizens, allowed citizens to be fined and jailed if they criticized the government
107
Impressments
Practice of forcing people into military service
108
Louisiana purchase
Vast territory between the Mississippi river and rocky mountains. Purchased by France.
109
Lewis and clark expidition
?
110
War hawks
Members of congress from the south and west who called for war with Britain prior to the war of 1812
111
Nationalism
Excessive pride in ones nation
112
Industrial revolution
Gradual process by which machines replaced hand tools
113
Urbanization
Movement of population from farms to cities
114
Cotton Gin
Machine that separated cotton from the cotton seeds
115
Erie canal
Artificial waterway opened sin 1825 linking lake Erie to the Hudson River
116
Manifest destiny
Belief that god wanted americans to spread across the continent
117
Oregon trail
Trail to oregon
118
Oregon country
Present day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Canada
119
Annex
To add
120
The alamo
Old Spanish mission where Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged Texans
121
Gold rush
A rush to Sutters mill for gold! Yay!
122
Cultural diffusion
?
123
Popular sovereignty
The people choose
124
Missouri compromise
Free states were equaled to slave states
125
Compromise of 1850
California joined as a free state
126
Fugitive slave act
All people were required to help capture runaway slaves
127
Uncle Tom's cabin
Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
128
Kansas Nebraska act
Popular sovereignty given to Kansas and Nebraska
129
Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott free/slave sold back into slavery
130
Republican Party
Political party that wanted to keep slavery out of the western territories
131
John Browns Raid
John brown raided a slave state but failed and was captured
132
Sectionalism
Loyal to a certain state or section
133
Abolitionists
Wanted to abolish/get rid of slavery
134
Election of 1860
?
135
Secede
To break away from
136
Fort Sumpter
?
137
Civil war
War against your own country
138
Border state
State on your states/country's border
139
Battle of Gettysburg
Confederate invasion of the North in Pennsylvania
140
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed the confederacies states
141
54th Massachusetts Regiment
?
142
Total war
All out war that affects civilians at home and soldiers
143
Appomattox Court house
Site of the confederate surrender
144
Draft
Law that requires people of a certain age to fight in the military
