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FHB Hormone/Repro > 79 - Non-classical gland + endocrine disruptors > Flashcards

79 - Non-classical gland + endocrine disruptors Flashcards

1
Q

Recall: what are the important non-classical endocrine glands to know?

A
  • Brain, especially hypothalamus
  • Kidney (Renin, Vitamin D, erythropoietin)
  • Heart (ANP, BNP)
  • Liver (IGF-I)
  • GI, small intestine, stomach (serotonin, ghrelin)
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2
Q

What are some immune cells that also produce hormones?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes

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3
Q

Where what type of protein is renin and where is it produced, specifically?

A

Glycoprotein

- Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arterioles

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4
Q

What stimulates/inhibits the release of renin?

A

Reduction in afferent arteriole pressure causes release of renin from the JG cells; increased pressure inhibits renin release

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5
Q

What does renin do?

A

Cleaves angiotensinogen to Ang I

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6
Q

What is the size of EPO, in kDa?

A

34 kDa

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7
Q

Where is EPO made?

A

Kidney

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8
Q

What type of receptor does EPO bind?

A

Tyrosine-linked kinase receptor

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9
Q

What is the effect of EPO (by stimulating what cell)?

A

Stimulates proerythroblasts and differentiation of RBCs to increase cell #

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10
Q

Name the 6 regulators of EPO (5 stimulate, 1 inhibits)

A
  1. Anemia
  2. TH
  3. Hypoxia (high altitude)
  4. NE
  5. Androgens stimulate, estrogens inhibit
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11
Q

Why is EPO blood-doping bad?

A

Major side effect of raising Hct too quickly = HTN

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12
Q

What can severe HTN lead to?

A

Encephalopathy, seizures

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13
Q

Pure red cell aplasia (anemia of RBC precursors) has been seen in EPO blood-doping (rare). How does EPO cause it?

A

Trick: likely due to injection preparations and not EPO

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14
Q

In the heart, what cells release ANP and what cells release BNP?

A
  • ANP released from atrial myocytes

- BNP released from ventricular myocytes (released in response to stretch)

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15
Q

Which is a better clinical marker, ANP or BNP? Why?

A

BNP, it stays in the bloodstream much longer than ANP

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16
Q

What are the effects of ANP and BNP?

A
  • Both are potent vasodilators

- Increase natriuresis (excretion of Na+), diuresis (excretion of urine)

17
Q

What are the 3 ways in which ANP/BNP affect bv function?

How does this affect Hct?

A
  1. Decrease vascular smooth muscle tone
  2. Decrease peripheral vascular resistance
  3. Increase capillary permeability
    - Significantly increases Hct
18
Q

Normal levels of BNP can r/o what disease?

A

CHF

19
Q

Higher levels of BNP are associated w/what 2 diseases?

A

Heart and renal failure

20
Q

Lower levels of BNP are associated w/what common disease?

A

Obesity

21
Q

How do ANP/BNP levels change w/age?

Are their levels higher in women or men?

A
  • Increase w/age

- Higher in women

22
Q

What is the name of the receptor that ANP/BNP bind, and what type of receptor is it?

A

NPR-A

- GPCR (increases cGMP)

23
Q

What are the target organs of ANP/BNP? (4)

A

Kidney, adrenal cortex, bv’s, heart

24
Q

What is ANP/BNP’s effect on the renal cortex?

A

Decreased aldosterone synthesis

25
Q

What are the effects ANP/BNP have on the kidney? (many, so just read and understand)

A
  • Decreased afferent arterial tone
  • Increased efferent arterial tone
  • Increased GFR
  • Increased blood flow
  • Decreased renin release
  • Decreased collecting duct Na+ reabsorption
  • Decreased Starling forces
  • Decreased osmotic gradient
26
Q

How does ANP/BNP affect sympathetic input to the kidney?

A

Decreases it, thus decreasing Na+ reabsorption and decreasing renin release

27
Q

Define endocrine disruptor.

A

Chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects

28
Q

Discuss the history of PCB.

A

Banned by EPA in 1979, but still present in many products and emitted from hazardous waste sites.

29
Q

What is the disruptive action of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)?

A

Compete with TH binding to its transport protein in the blood (TTR; TBG)
- Result: Increased breakdown of thyroid hormone; compensatory excessive production by thyroid gland

30
Q

What’s the major symptom of PCB exposure?

What else does it cause?

A
  • Goiter

- Also causes cancer, immune function suppression (atrophied thymus), reduced sperm count, neurological deficits

31
Q

What is diethylstilbestrol (DES)?

Also, what’s its hx?

A
  • Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen
  • Used in cattle feed
  • Given to pregnant women from 1940-1970 to reduce complications
  • Also used for prostate Ca tx
32
Q

What are “DES daughters” and granddaughters?

A

40% increase in cervical Ca for pregnant women’s daughters who were given DES as a synthetic estrogen.
- Their gametes were affected too, so the granddaughters also had increased incidence of cervical Ca

(note: synthetic estrogen from OTC BCPs are inconsequential)

33
Q

What is bisphenol-A (BPA)?

What is bad about it?

A

Chemical used in food packaging, toys, lining of canned foods and beverages
- Found to be estrogenic

(93% of Americans have detectable BPA in their urine)

34
Q

Besides being estrogenic, what other consequences are there to BPA exposure?

A
  • Obesogenic and diabetogenic (alters lipid homeostasis and pancreatic beta cell function)
  • Neurological effects
  • Antagonist for TH receptor
  • Reproductive and developmental effects (male and female)
  • CVD: evidence for arrhythmias and atherosclerosis
35
Q

Are substitutes of BPA, such as BPS and BPF, safe?

A

No!

FHB Hormone/Repro (16 decks)

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