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Georgetown Neurophysiology_Spring 2019 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

Spinal nerves are not part of the CNS

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2
Q

Components of PNS

A

All other tissue besides brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Describe the flow and type of information in the Nervous System

A
  1. Information come from PNS to CNS via Afferents/sensory ( Input)
  2. Input information can either be unconscious ( from internal enivroment of body, not discretely aware of ) or conscious ( from temp, pain, touch, etc receptors , can be discretely sensed)
  3. afferent PNS info is processed in CNS
  4. CNS responds to stimuli/change in body and is mediated via Efferent/Motor ( output)
  5. Output information can either innverate voluntary ( skeletal) or involuntary muscles/viscera ( cardiac, smooth muscle) muscle
  6. Two divisions in involuntary motor pathway are PNS ( rest and digest) and SNS ( fight or flight). PNS and SNS are part of the ANS
  7. There is special nervous system for GI tract called the Enteric Nervous System or ENS.
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4
Q

Parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon ( thalamus, hypothalamus)
  3. Cerebullum
  4. Brainstem ( midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)
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5
Q

Where does the the spinal cord proper end?

A

Spinal cord proper ends at L1/2

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6
Q

Cauda Equina and Conus Medularis

A

spinal nerves the continue past the spinal cord proper are called the Cauda Equina and very tip is called conus medularis

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7
Q

Where is the spinal cord enlarged and why

A

Cervical and lumbar regions of spinal cord are enlarged b/c have nerves that innervate the arms and legs

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8
Q

Name the 3 meninges of the CNS ( brain and spinal cord)

A

From outermost to innermost layer

  1. Dura Mater ( “tough mother”)-tough covering
  2. Arachnoid Mater-thin meshwork
  3. Pia Mater-very thin, touches spinal cord, brain
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9
Q

Name all the layers and spaces of the CNS

A

From outermost to innermost

  1. Extradural space-outside of menignes, has vessels, nerves, and fat. Fills space w/in v. canal
  2. Dura mater
  3. Subdural space-potential space, not a true space but can become one when something goes wrong
  4. Arachnoid Mater
  5. Subarachnoid space-has CSF, can have too little or too much or become infected
  6. Pia Mater
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10
Q

Describe the Lumbar Puncture

A

Clincial procedure used to test for infection

Needle is inserted at L3/4 or L4/5 level to avoid injury to spinal cord

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11
Q

How do efferent nerves travel to spinal cord?

A

Anterior/ventral root of spinal cord

somatic and visceral efferents travel this way

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12
Q

How do afferent nerves travel from the spinal cord?

A

Posterior/dorsal roots of spinal cord

somatic and visceral afferents both travel this way

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13
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

located in dorsal root of spinal nerve and has cell bodies of sensory neurons

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14
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs of nerves that exit spinal cord

They are NOT part of spinal cord as well as CNS

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15
Q

Number and names spinal nerves

A 
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical spinal nerves ( C1-C8)
12 thoracic spinal nerves ( T1-T12)
5 Lumbar spinal nerves ( L1-L5) 
5 sacral spinal nerves ( S1-S5) 
1 coccygeal nerve
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16
Q

General Exit Path of Spinal Nerves based on Vertebra

A

C1 – C7 spinal nerves exit superior to their vertebra

C8 spinal nerve exits below the C7 vertebra

T1 and onward exit inferior to their vertebra.

17
Q

General Path of Spinal Nerves

A
  1. L and R Rootlets
  2. L and R Anterior/Posterior Root
  3. L and R Posterior Root Ganglion ( only in posterior root)
  4. L and R Spinal Nerve ( very short)
  5. L and R Anterior/Posterior Rami
18
Q

Difference between Anterior and Posterior Rami

A

Anterior ramus is larger than Posterior ramus

Anterior Ramus innervates voluntary muscles circumferentially to front of body and limbs

Posterior Ramus innervates voluntary muscles in back, deep back, skin of back

19
Q

What type of neurons travel in spinal nerve, ventral and dorsal ramus

A

All types!!!!!

somatic and visceral afferents

somatic and visceral efferents

20
Q

2 types of nerve plexuses are ______

A
  1. Visceral

2. Somatic

21
Q

What is a nerve plexus

A

Collection of intersecting nerves in PNS that control a specific visceral or somatic target in body

22
Q

Examples of somatic nerve plexuses

A
  1. Brachial plexus ( anterior rami C5-T1)-upper limb
  2. Lumbosacral ( anterior rami L1-S4)-lower limb and pelvic region
  3. Cervical plexus ( anteior rami C1-C4)-neck, face
23
Q

visceral nerve plexuses

A

Target specific visceral organs

Get information from SNS and PNS nerves

24
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

nerve located in cervical plexus

contains somatic motor innervation to diaphragm

called the “wandering “ nerve b/c it starts at neck and travels down to diaphragm

25
Q

Path of spinal nerves a/f exiting anterior ( mostly) and posterior rami

A
  1. Cervical Plexus ( C1-C4)
  2. Brachial Plexus ( C5-T1)
    3 Intercostal Nerves, T1-12(segmentally organized, NOT a plexus)
  3. lumbosacral plexus ( L1-S4)
26
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Brachial plexus is a very complex somatic nerve plexus, travles through neck and axilla

Its organized/divided from proximal to distaL:

  1. Roots
  2. Trunks
  3. Divisions
  4. Cords
  5. Branches
27
Q

Terminal nerves of Brachial Plexus

A
  1. Musculocutaneous
  2. Median
  3. Radial
  4. Ulnar
28
Q

Type of Injury to Brachial Plexus

A
  1. Injury to neck-affect top of brachial plexus-muscocutaneous nerve affected
  2. injury of axilla/arpmit-lowe part of brachial plexus, ulnar nerve affected
29
Q

4 Important nerves in Lumbosacral Plexus

A
  1. Femoral-anterior thigh
  2. Obturator-medial thigh
  3. Sciatic-posterior thigh, leg, an foot; divides into tibial and common fibular nerve; biggest nerve of body
  4. Pudenal -pernium and external genitalia
30
Q

Dermatome

A

A segment of skin controlled by a single spinal nerve segment

T4 dermatome innervates nipples

T10 innervates belly button

31
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Spontaneous movement in response to a stimulus, involving the spinal cord/brainstem via interneuron connection between afferent and efferent neurons

Bypass higher brain centers

Can be visceral or somatic

32
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain received at a location that is not the site of of injury or stimulus due to sharing of same dermatome

Referred pain is not the same as radiating pain!!!

Examples:

Heart Attack, feel pain in upper limb

Appendicitis, feel pain in belly button

Georgetown Neurophysiology_Spring 2019 (25 decks)

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