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Question 1

States vs. Markets

Answer 1

-Free market capitalism vs. state control interfering into the market
-Neoliberalism has a strong belief in markets being good
-Voluntary transactions vs. forced transactions through state interests
-Legal and social framework being established, while maintaining competition

Question 2

Dependency Theory

Answer 2

-Developing counties depend upon on the support of more advanced countries
-Supplying raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for expensive manufactured goods
-Underdeveloped countries have unique features and structures that make them be weaker members in the world market economy
-1960s: Lack of development in Latin America
-Criticism: lack of competition in underdeveloped countries cause weakness in world market economy

Question 3

“Oligarchization”

Answer 3

-Conversion to an economic oligarchy position
-Monopolies held in area of important industries where dominance is evident
-Possesses sufficient political power held to promote one’s own interests
-Control multiple businesses within a particular industry in which activities are coordinated
-Ex: Russia under Putin

Question 4

The Commercial Theory of Peace

Answer 4

-Capitalistic Peace
-Market openness contributes to more peaceful behavior between states
-Developed market-oriented economies are less likely to engage in conflict with one another
-Revolves around: capitalism, trade interdependence, and capital interdependence by raising the cost of warfare
-Shared norm of democracy alone will not yield peace

Question 5

Neoliberalism

Answer 5

-Belief in limited government intervention in the economy and society
-First implemented in West Germany post-WWII
-Market oriented reform policies such as eliminating price controls
-Effects without: increased poverty, unemployment, and deterioration of income distribution
-Encourages privatization; function more efficiently

Question 6

Ethics of Care

Answer 6

-Feminist Critical Theory
-Western ethical systems focused on issues like rights, laws, and universalism
-Women’s basic moral orientation is one of caring
-Nurturing needs of all individuals in any ethnical situation identified
-Guides to morality: caring, empathy, feeling with others and being sensitive to others feelings

Question 7

The Gunpowder Revolution

Answer 7

-Shift to gunpowder -> more sophisticated technology
-Forced expansion of army size, fortress design and territorial expansion -> 16th century
-End of “knights of shining armor”, Fall of Constantinople
-Changes: required those in a war to have more money, larger army, and a well trained one
-Advantage: created empires (needed money and technology to maintain)

Question 8

The Nuclear Revolution

Answer 8

-Creation and expansion of nuclear weapons after WWII
-Prevented creation of more major powers
-Instead, major powers held proxy wars that took place indirect between powers
-Debate about whether they create peace or are too dangerous
-Either prevent war (cause peace), or escalate conflict to the potential use of them (too dangerous)

Question 9

“hegemonic tasks”

Answer 9

-Tasks needed to be done in order to have some type of hegemonic control
-Domination maintained through ideological or cultural means
-Domestically: provide public goods, regional stability and balancing
-Economically: opens trade routes, welcomes domestic markets, available liquidity and global reserve currency

Question 10

Emerging markets

Answer 10

-Characteristics of rapid economic growth, high volatility, and lower per capita income
-Country wants to be seen as a state with a lot of investment opportunity
-Ex: BRICS states

Question 11

Bretton Woods System

Answer 11

-System established from 1945-1972 (and beyond) dealing with the international political economy after WWII
-Was about learning from the 1930s and WWII, and why it happened with the Great Depression
-Applied Commercial Theory of Peace
-Established the institutions of the IMF, WTO, and the World Bank
-Overall provided capitalistic stability in the sense of allowing underdeveloped countries to grow

Question 12

Geopolitics

Answer 12

-How the importance of geography in relation to politics
-Focus on the control over space and resources
-Use is a realist concept
-Believes that control of the heartland (Asia and Eastern Europe) and rimland is good for the prosperity of a state
-Ex: Unfreezing of the arctic creates a resource scramble for states (US and Russia oil)

Question 13

militarized masculinity

Answer 13

-Traits stereotypically associated with masculinity can be acquired and proven though military service
-State leaders use male citizens to display strength through military force
-Can take shape in many forms: strength, toughness, aggression, and rationality
-Idea of the ‘ideal soldier’
-Western culture: signifies ‘manliness’ that reproduces desirable traits of masculinity

Question 14

The IMF

Answer 14

-International Monetary Fund
-Act as the global currency police - no cheating on exchange rates
-Monitors all the books of each country’s currency
-Keeps trade open (less trade barriers)
-Lender of last resort for states - created a global credit union
-Prevented continuous printing of money (more respect to the value of currency)

Question 15

Smart Weapons Revolution

Answer 15

-More technological advanced/smart weapons
-Use of laser guidance, stealth, satellites and drones
-Latest revolution in weapons lead by the US, started in the Gulf War
-Least human cost to your defense core
-Prevent large scale conflict from breaking out

Question 16

Drone Policy and Ethics

Answer 16

-Moral code of conduct in war
-Distinction is important between the enemy and civilians
-There is a ratio between harm and gain
-Drones have the possibility to spur the enemy on more
-Future tech can prove to be devastating if it falls into the wrong hands.

Question 17

Hybrid Warfare

Answer 17

-Major powers seeking power expansion, but nervous about open declared war
-Take advantage of ethnic/sectarian complexity (their right to claim territory)
-Manipulate politics of a country within certain targets
-Create frozen conflicts with other states (not failed states)
-Ex: Russia and Georgia Conflict

Question 18

The Protection Myth

Answer 18

-Men fight wars because they are seen as brave to protect women and children
-Nobility being seen as false value
-Wars fought in the name of those who are more vulnerable
-Women and children suffer more than men in conflict

Question 19

false consciousness

Answer 19

-Marxist theory
-Inability to recognize inequality, oppression, and exploitation in a capitalistic society
-Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them
-Primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution
-Ex: People obeying social leaders in the belief they represent god

Question 20

Conditionality

Answer 20

-Quality of dependence on certain specified conditions
-Emphasize economic growth over welfare considerations
-Requirements imposed on prospective borrowers by the IMF and other lending institutions
-Countries have to open up their economy in order to receive aid (strings attached to the condition of receiving funds)

Question 21

The World Bank

Answer 21

-Goal: provide funds for development (low-interest loans to developing states)
-Development of transportation, education, health, and telecommunications (all of these facilitate economic growth)
-Concern with Least Developed Countries (LDCs): bank was a very large source of “development lender” that helped those no longer controlled by colonial forces
-Part of helping rebuild industries of Europe and Japan after WWII (supplement Marshall Plan

Question 22

East Asian Tigers

Answer 22

-Economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea after WWII
-Maintained high growth rates and rapid export-led industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990
-Allowed them to converge with the technological leaders in high-income countries
-Fueled by exports and rapid industrialization

Question 23

Stagflation

Answer 23

-Slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise (inflation)
-Supply-side shock (rising oil prices or too high government spending)
-Cost of living keeps rising without the economy growing relatively
-Monetary policy in terms of raising interest rates helps get inflation under control
-Unemployment dealt with secondly through expansionary fiscal policy

Question 24

The WTO

Answer 24

-World Trade Organization
-Talking shop for trade negotiations and liberalization, with a dispute court (about 2 year process when complaint is filed)
-Permanent institution covering services, intellectual property and investment issues
-Guarantees economic openness amongst its members (rules of business established)
-Was altered in 1995: fears of US agriculture free trade (US didn’t like this)
-Provides an institution where multilateral agreements can prevent trade wars (provides stability)