7. Trustees' Duties and Powers

Question 1

What are a trustee’s eleven duties?

Answer 1

1. Of care
2. Of confidentiality
3. Not to profit from trust
4. Not to self-deal
5. To observe terms of trust
6. To act jointly
7. To act personally
8. To take possession of trust property
9. To keep accounts
10. To act impartially
11. To invest

Question 2

What standard are trustees expected to act in accordance to?

Answer 2

run the trust in the same way an ordinary prudent business person would run their own business affairs.

Question 3

What must a trustee who obtains remunerative employment by virtue of a trusteeship, e.g. directors fees for acting on the board of a company in which the trust holds shares, do with this money?

Answer 3

Hold it on constructive trust for the trust beneficiaries

Question 4

When does this rule not apply?

Answer 4

If the trustee would have gotten the paid appointment anyway

Question 5

What must a trustee who earns personal profit as a result of opportunities or information which came to them due to their trusteeship do with this money?

Answer 5

Hold it on constructive trust for the trust beneficiaries, even when there is no obvious conflict.

Question 6

What are the five exceptions to the general rule that a trustee may not charge for expenses other than out of pocket expenses?

Answer 6

1. Clause in trust allowing them
2. Professional trustee charges
3. Trust corporation
4. All beneficiaries agree
5. Court authorisation

Question 7

Under the Trustee Act 2000, what three conditions must be satisfied for a professional trustee to charge reasonable remuneration?

Answer 7

1. Not the sole trustee
2. Co-trustees give their written consent
3. No express provision relating to trustee’s charges

Question 8

What remuneration may a trust corporation receive?

Answer 8

Reasonable remuneration, even if they are the sole trustee

Question 9

In what circumstances may the court authorise payment to a trustee?

Answer 9

If the trust is especially onerous, or the trustee performed exceptional services

Question 10

The duty not to self-deal prevents a trustee from purchasing trust property. What is the full extent of this prohibition?

Answer 10

It applies in all circumstances, even if they pay fair market price or more, and irrespective of good faith or benefit to the trust

Question 11

What is the status of a purchase of trust property by a trustee (self-dealing)?

Answer 11

Voidable by the beneficiaries

Question 12

In addition the the beneficiaries, who may ratify a self-dealing transaction?

Answer 12

The court
* Bs cannot!

Question 13

Whilst a trustee cannot purchase trust property, what is there no prohibition on them purchasing?

Answer 13

A beneficial interest to this property from a beneficiary

Question 14

What three conditions must be met for the purchase by a trustee under the fair-dealing rule not to not be voidable?

Answer 14

Trustee must show they:

1. Paid a fair price.
2. Made full disclosure of all material facts.
3. In no way abused their position.

occurs if ie. T purchases B’s interest.

Question 15

What are five further equitable duties on a trustee?

Answer 15

1. Enquire as to trust property
2. Take control of it
3. Ensure its preservation
4. Ensure legal title is vested in all trustees
5. Ensure trust property is segregated from the trustee’s personal assets

Question 16

What are the two bases for the trustee’s duty of care?

Answer 16

1. Statutory under the Trustee Act
2. Case law

Question 17

What is a trustee’s statutory duty of care, and when does it apply?

Answer 17

Trustees must exercise such care and skill as is reasonable in the circumstances, taking into account special knowledge the trustee either has or holds himself out as having, especially if they are a professional

Applies when trustees are making investment decisions and appointing the agents

Question 18

When the statutory duty does not apply, what is the traditional duty of care?

Answer 18

Trustees must act with the prudence of an ordinary man of business acting in relation to their own affairs

Question 19

How do the duty to act jointly and the duty to act personally not contradict each other?

Answer 19

In acting personally, the trustee must actually play their part and remain active in the trust. They do not have a general power to delegate.

However, in playing their respective parts, the trustees must act unanimously in the exercise of their discretions.

Question 20

What is required for the trustees to act by majority, instead of unanimously?

Answer 20

Clause in the trust instrument or court authorisation

Question 21

What are the three exceptions to the duty to act personally?

Answer 21

1. Administrative functions can be delegated
2. Delegation of certain investment decisions to an investment manager
3. Power of attorney for all functions for no more than 12 months

Question 22

Whilst a trustee may delegate administrative functions, what may they never delegate?

Answer 22

Exercise of discretion

Subject to power of attorney 12 month exception

Question 23

Is a trustee liable for the acts or omissions of an agent if they select and supervise them in accordance with the statutory duty

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Is a trustee liable for the acts or omissions of a power of attorney within the 12 month fixed period?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What is the effect of the duty to take possession of trust property where there is more than one trustee?

Answer 25

It trust property is left in control of one of them only, the co-trustees will be liable if that trustee misappropriates the property

Question 26

What is required for the beneficiaries to waive the trustee’s duty of confidentiality?

Answer 26

Beneficiaries must be fully informed of what the trustees intend to do with the information

Question 27

What are the four requirements of a trustee under the duty to invest?

Answer 27

Trustee must ensure:

1. Investments they select are authorised by statute or trust instrument
2. Take into account the standard investment criteria
3. Take any necessary advice
4. Keep investments under appropriate review

Question 28

What is a trustee’s general power of investment?

Answer 28

Any investment they could make if the were absolutely entitled to trust assets

Question 29

What was investment traditionally interpreted to mean, and what has the approach been in recent years?

Answer 29

Traditionally an income producing asset, but recently a purchase aimed primarily at capital growth has been acceptable #gains

Question 30

Why is there a distinction between land and other investments?

Answer 30

To ensure trustees have the power to deal in land in circumstances which might technically be outside the definition of investment

Question 31

What is not authorised unless the trust instrument expressly provides for it?

Answer 31

Purchasing land outside the UK

Question 32

What are the two standard investment criteria, which trustees must consider?

Answer 32

1. Suitability of the investment in terms of time, cost, and risk
2. The need for diversification of trust investments

Question 33

What type of advice must the trustees receive before exercising the power to invest?

Answer 33

Proper advice, which is the advice of a person the trustees reasonably believe to be qualified to give it based on their ability and experience

Question 34

Does the advisor have to be a qualified financial advisor?

Answer 34

No, just experienced in such matters.

Question 35

When does the requirement to get advice not apply?

Answer 35

When the trustees reasonably conclude that it is unnecessary or inappropriate in the circumstances

Question 36

What is the statutory standard of care which applies when trustees are making investment decisions?

Answer 36

Act with such care and skill as is reasonable in all the cirumstances

Question 37

What is a duty/power trustees may actually delegate, and what is required for this?

Answer 37

Trustees can delegate their duty/power to invest to an investment manager, as long as a written policy statement including details of the trust and the investment objectives is incorporated into the contract between the trustees and investment manager

Question 38

Is a trustee liable if assets go down in value or fail to appreciate?

Answer 38

Not as long as the trustee has complied with their duties as set out in these cards. It is understood that investing in anything does not guarantee returns, so failure to produce returns alone is not a breach of duty.

Question 39

Must the trustees exercise the statutory powers of maintenance and advancement?

Answer 39

No, they are discretionary

Question 40

What must the minor be entitled to for the powers of (1) maintenance and (2) advancement to apply?

Answer 40

1. Power of maintenance: Interest in income required
2. Power of advancement: Interest in capital required

Question 41

What interests give an interest in income, and which give an interest in capital?

Answer 41

• Interest in income comes from vested or contingent, but not remainder interest
• Interest in capital comes from vested, contingent, or remainder interest

Question 42

Why is income not payable directly to a minor?

Answer 42

Because a minor cannot legally receive money/trust property

Question 43

However, whilst a minor has no right to directly be paid the income, what does the Trustee Act provide, and what are the conditions for this?

Answer 43

If a minor has a right to the income of a trust, the trustees can decide to use this income for the minor’s maintenance, education, or benefit until the minor turns 18.

Question 44

On the exam, on a question regarding maintenance powers, what is the first thing to look out for?

Answer 44

Whether the minor has a beneficial interest to begin with

Question 45

In addition to income as it is generated, what else may the trustees use for the minor’s maintenance, education, or benefit?

Answer 45

Income which has accumulated in the trust

Question 46

What occurs on the minor’s 18th birthday?

Answer 46

The power of maintenance concerning them ends, and they become entitled to the new income and accumulated income directly, as long as they have a vested interest

If vested, and they are the only beneficiary, the trust will end and they will be entitled to transfer of the property.

Question 47

What is the minor’s entitlement upon turning 18, if they still have a contingent interest?

Answer 47

They are entitled to income arising after their 18th birthday only, but income accumulated before accrues to the capital of the trust

Question 48

Where a beneficiary’s contingent interest fails, what happens to the capital?

Answer 48

It passes under any substitutional gift in the trust instrument, of in there is none, trustees will hold on resulting trust for the settlor or their estate

Question 49

Can the settlor alter the operation of the power of maintenance in the trust instrument?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

Whilst there is no limit for trusts created after 1 October 2014, what is the distributable limit for trusts created before this date?

Answer 50

The trustees can only advance up to half of the beneficiary’s share in the capital.

Question 51

When does a trust in a will take effect?

Answer 51

Date of death

Question 52

When does the trustee’s discretionary power of advancement apply, and what are the limits on the advance?

Answer 52

When a beneficiary has a right to the capital of the trust, they can be advanced up to amount they are entitled

Question 53

On the exam, what should we look for if asked whether or why a payment out of capital to a beneficiary was a breach of trust?

Answer 53

Whether the beneficiary had a interest in capital

Question 54

What is the trustee’s discretion when the power of advancement applies?

Answer 54

Pay or apply capital sums for the beneficiaries’ advancement or benefit in their absolute discretion
* applies for both vested and contingent interests!

Question 55

What are the three conditions on the power of advancement?

Answer 55

1. Amount must not exceed entitlement
2. Advance must be accounted for in final distribution
3. Consent of prior interest holder required (ie. of life tenant, to make an advance to a remainderman)

Question 56

Who is the most likely person to have a prior interest and therefore object in an advancement of capital situation, and why?

Answer 56

A life tenant with an interest in the income, because if the capital is depleted for the advance, the trustees have less capital to generate profit (income) with

Question 57

What is required of the beneficiary with a prior interest in order for advancement to be allowed?

Answer 57

They must be of full age and sound mind and give their written consent

Question 58

In an exam situation with a prior interest holder objecting to an advance, what should we actually check is the case?

Answer 58

Whether the objecting beneficiary’s interest is actually prior, e.g. if they all share the same interest, this is not prior

Question 59

Unlike the power of maintenance, what does the power of advancement not require?

Answer 59

Power of advancement applies whether the beneficiary is under or over 18, unlike maintenance which requires beneficiary to be a minor

Question 60

As a minor cannot give valid receipt of capital, how is the advancement to a minor achieved?

Answer 60

The capital is paid by the trustees directly for the required purpose

Question 61

Whilst there is no limit for trusts created after 1 October 2014, what was the test previously for how much capital trustees could advance, in case it appears in a wrong answer choice?

Answer 61

50% of the beneficiary’s entitlement

Question 62

What is the difference between trustee’s power of maintenance of minor beneficiaries between trusts created after versus before 1 October 2014?

Answer 62

Pre-October 2014 - power must be exercised based on what is reasonable in the given circumstances.

Post-October 2014 - have power to apply part or all of the income, provided it is for the ‘maintenance, education, or benefit’ of the beneficiary.

Question 63

Whilst trustees are not generally subject to the control of beneficiaries, what two rights do the beneficiaries have?

Answer 63

1. Right to compel exercise of duties, via court application
2. Right to inspect trust documents

Question 64

What documents are the beneficiaries not entitled to inspect?

Answer 64

Documents containing details of the trustee’s discussions concerning exercise of their discretions

Question 65

What must the beneficiaries show of trustee behaviour for it to be excepted from the rule that trustee behaviour within their powers cannot be challenged/controlled?

Answer 65

That it was irrational and capricious

Question 66

Are trustees required to give reasons for why they exercised their discretion in a particular way?

Answer 66

Generally, no

Question 67

In what situation may a trustee be required to provide an explanation to the beneficiaries?

Answer 67

If trustees have given beneficiaries a legitimate expectation that discretion will be exercised in a particular way, they are expected to warn the beneficiaries if they decide to change their mind

Question 68

What are the two additional powers beneficiaries have when they are full age and capacity, and absolutely entitled to the entire interest between them?

Answer 68

1. Bring trust to an end and require trust funds be transferred to them (Saunders v Vautier)
2. Require trustees to retire and appoint new ones of their choice (extension of S v V rule)

Question 69

For the avoidance of doubt, what will not be an absolute interest, and why?

Answer 69

One which is contingent on anything, because the two powers effectively allow the beneficiary to take over the trust and either shut it down and have the property transferred to them or order the trustees be changed to parties who will do what the beneficiary wants. It would not be appropriate for a party with a contingent interest to be able to do this.